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Biochem Flashcards

1
Q

Glycogen storage diseases Very Poor Carbohydrate Metabolism

A

VON GIERKE glucose 6 phosphatase POMPES alpha 1 4 glucosidase CORI alpha 1 6 glucosidase MCARDLE glycogen phosphorylase

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2
Q

Glucose transporters not requiring insulin

A

GLUT 13 brain kidney placenta GLUT 2 liver pancreatic B cell SI Kidney

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3
Q

GLUT requiring insulin

A

GLUT 4 Heart Skeletal muscle Adipocytes

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4
Q

GLUT 1

A

RBC COLON Brain KidneyPlacenta

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5
Q

GLUT 3

A

Brain Kidney Placenta

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6
Q

GLUT 5

A

Small intestines

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7
Q

Location of glycolysis

A

cytoplasm

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8
Q

3 carbon end products of glycolysis

A

Pyruvate or Lactate

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9
Q

rate limiting step of glycolysis

A

PFK 1 from fructose 6 phosphate TO fructose 1 6 bisphosphate

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10
Q

3 irreversible steps of glycolysis

A

1 phosphorylation of glycose via GLUCOKINASE or HEXOKINASE. 2 phosphorylation of fructose 6 phosphate via PFK1. 3 formation of pyruvate via PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE.

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11
Q

No of ATP from substrate level phosphorylation in Glycolysis

A

4 ATP

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12
Q

No of ATP needed for glycolysis

A

2 ATP

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13
Q

ATP production in glycolysis using KINases ie phosphate transfer into ADP

A

1 3 biphosphoglycerate and PEP

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14
Q

NADH prodc in glycolysis

A

glycealdehyde 3 phosphate to 1 3 bisphosphoglycerate via a DEHYDROGENASE

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15
Q

Malate aspartate shittle liver kidney heart vs glycerol phosphate shuttle in brain and sk ms

A

Malate 1 NADH to 3 ATP via NADH e acceptor complex I while Glycerol 1 NADH to 2 ATP via FADH e acceptor in complex II

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16
Q

organs that are Strictly anaerobic glycolysis

A

RBC lens cornea medulla of kidney testes WBC

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17
Q

NET ATP yield from Glycolysis

A

Anaerobic 2 ATP. Aerobic ATPs ff NADG 4 or 6 with net ATP of 6 or 8 depending on shuttle used.

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18
Q

Function of 2 3 Bisphosphoglycerate

A

reduces Hgb affinity for O2 hence releasing it. Note fetal hgb has higher 2 3 biphosphoglycerate than mom

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19
Q

Arsenic poison competes with

A

1competes with phosphate as substrate for GLYCERALDEHYDE 3 P DEHYDROGENASE 2 binds lipoic acid so PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE wont work therefore no NADH is produced during glycolysis to go into ETC

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20
Q

MC enzyme defect in glycolysis

A

Pyruvate kinase deficiency presents as chronic hemolytic anemia

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21
Q

2 enzymed requiring 5 co enzymes

A

1 pyruvate dehydrogenase 2 Alpha ketogluterate Dehydrogenase of TCA

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22
Q

5 co enzymes of the divas Love Never Fails To Conquer

A

Lipoic acid Niacin riboFADin Thiamine Co enzyme A with B5

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23
Q

MCC congenital lactic acidosis

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency X linked

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24
Q

Site of TCA

A

mitochondrial matrix EXCEPT succinate dehydrogenase aka Complex II in inner mitochondria

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25
Q

substrate of TCA

A

ACETYL COA fr pyruvate

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26
Q

UP above acid vs base

A

above pka. Acid is unprotonated with negative charge. Base is unprotonated with charge. Charged is water soluble. Uncharged is lipid soluble.

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27
Q

rate limiting step of TCA

A

isocitrate to alpha ketogluterate via isocitrate dehydrogenase

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28
Q

Steps in TCA Cindy is Kind So She Forgives More Often

A

Citrate Isocitrate Ketogluterate Succinyl Coa Succinate Fumarate Malate Oxaacetate

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29
Q

dehydrogenase always produces an

A

NADH

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30
Q

Citrate

A

fatty acid synthesis

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31
Q

succinyl coa

A

heme synthesis

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32
Q

malate

A

may be used for gluconeogenesis

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33
Q

TCA where NADH is produced

A

1 isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 alpha ketogluterate dehydrogenase 3 malate dehydrogenase

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34
Q

TCA where FADH is produced

A

succinate dehydrogenase

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35
Q

TCA where GTP is produced

A

succinate thioKINase

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36
Q

ATP yield fr TCA starting fr Acetyl Coa or Pyruvate

A

must multiply by 2 coz 2 acetyl coa entered TCA per glucose. acetyl coa 12 or pyruvate 15. nu shuttle needed coz inside mitochondria.

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37
Q

goal of gluconeogenesis

A

prevent hypoglycemia

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38
Q

site of gluconeogenesis

A

90 percent in LIVER. 10 percent in KIDNEY. Esrd prone to hypogly coz in fasting kidney does 40 percent of work.

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39
Q

Gluconeogenesis subtrate

A

pyruvate

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40
Q

rate limiting step in gluconeogenesis

A

fructose 1 6 bisphosphate to fructose 6 phosphate via Fructose 1 6 bisphosphatase

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41
Q

Cori cycle of Gluconeogenesis

A

lactate fr sk ms and rbc converted to GLUCOSE in liver and then given back

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42
Q

hexokinase or glucokinase in glycolysis is _____________________ in gluconeogenesis

A

glucose 6 phosphatase in ER

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43
Q

PFK 1 in glycolysis is ______________ in gluconeogenesis

A

fructose 1 6 bisphosphatase in CYTOSOL

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44
Q

pyruvate kinase in glycolysis is _______________ in gluconeogenesis

A

Pyruvate carboxylase in Mitochondria. Requires biotin and ATP. Activated by Acetyl coA.

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45
Q

co factor of carBoxylase

A

Biotin

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46
Q

home of glucose 6 phophate enzyme

A

liver and kidney. Recall gluconeogenesis ito. Wala sa muscle kaya me cori cycle.

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47
Q

ATP requirement for gluconeogenesis

A

4 atp from burning of fat ie beta oxydation.

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48
Q

gluconeogenesis produces NADH. ETOH metab also produces NADH shunting reaction away from gluconeogenesis and towards

A

1 pyruvate to lactate 2 OAA to malate 3 DHAP to glycerol 3 phosphate aka FA synthesis

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49
Q

storage of glycogen in

A

LIVER for export and MUSCLE for internal use

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50
Q

glycogen bond for elongation

A

alpha 1 to 4 glycosidic bond

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51
Q

glycogen bond for branching

A

alpha 1 to 6 glycosidic bond

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52
Q

shared enzyme gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

A

glucose 6 phosphatase in ER

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53
Q

enzymes are DEPHOSPHORALATED in ______________ state

A

well fed

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54
Q

enzymes are PHOSPHORALATED in ______________ state

A

fasting

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55
Q

Gluconeogenesis. Enzyme used in Pyruvate TO Oxaloacetate and where

A

Pyruvate carboxylase in Mitochondria. Requires biotin and ATP. Activated by Acetyl coA.

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56
Q

Gluconeogenesis. Enzyme used in Oxaloacetate TO Phosphoenolyruvateand and where

A

PEP Carboxikinase in Cytosol. Requires GTP.

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57
Q

Inhibits by glucose 6 phosphate

A

Hexokinase

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58
Q

Disulfiram reaction secondary to accumulation of __________ via
reaction that is zero order kinetics

A

Acetaldehyde

 Alcohol dehydrogenase         Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase ETOH-------------------> acetaldehyde -------------> acetate
    NAD to NADH                          NAD to NADH
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59
Q

Functions of PTH 4

A
  • Inc bone resorption of calcium and phosphate
  • Inc kidney reabsorption of calcium in distal convoluted tubule
  • Dec reabsorption of phosphate in proximal convoluted tubule
  • Inc 1 25 OH2 D3 calcitriol production by stimulating kidney 1 alpha hydroxylase
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60
Q

Derivatives of phenylalanine

A

Thyroxine Melanin
^ ^ Vit C SAM
Phenylalanine -> tyrosine -> dopa ->dopamine-> NE ->Epi

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61
Q

Tryptophan derivatives

A

+ b6: Niacin -> NAD/NADP
Tryptophan
Serotonin -> melatonin

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62
Q

Derivative of Histidine

A

Histamine

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63
Q

Derivatives of Glycine

A

Glycine + b6 = porphyrin -> heme

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64
Q

Derivatives of Arginine

A

Creatinine
Urea
Nitric oxide

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65
Q

Derivatives of glutamate

A

1GABA from Glutamate + B6

2 glutathione

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66
Q

Characteristics of gluckokinase

A

1 not inhibited by glucose 6 phosphate unlike hexokinase
2 higher michaelis menten constant aka low affinity for glucose but with higher maximum reaction rate hence larger capacity than hexokinase once activated

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67
Q

Essential amino acids

PVT TIM haLL always argues never tyres

A for arginine, T is not for tyrosine

A

Phenylalanine
Valine
Tryptophan

Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine

histidine - becomes essential in times of Stress
arginine
Leucine
Lysine

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68
Q

Inhibits by glucose 6 phosphate

A

Hexokinase

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69
Q

Disulfiram reaction secondary to accumulation of __________ via
reaction that is zero order kinetics

A

Acetaldehyde

 Alcohol dehydrogenase         Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase ETOH-------------------> acetaldehyde -------------> acetate
    NAD to NADH                          NAD to NADH
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70
Q

Functions of PTH 4

A
  • Inc bone resorption of calcium and phosphate
  • Inc kidney reabsorption of calcium in distal convoluted tubule
  • Dec reabsorption of phosphate in proximal convoluted tubule
  • Inc 1 25 OH2 D3 calcitriol production by stimulating kidney 1 alpha hydroxylase
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71
Q

Derivatives of phenylalanine

A

Thyroxine Melanin
^ ^ Vit C SAM
Phenylalanine -> tyrosine -> dopa ->dopamine-> NE ->Epi

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72
Q

Tryptophan derivatives

A

+ b6: Niacin -> NAD/NADP
Tryptophan
Serotonin -> melatonin

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73
Q

Derivative of Histidine

A

Histamine

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74
Q

Derivatives of Glycine

A

Glycine + b6 = porphyrin -> heme

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75
Q

Derivatives of Arginine

A

Creatinine
Urea
Nitric oxide

76
Q

Derivatives of glutamate

A

1GABA from Glutamate + B6

2 glutathione

77
Q

Characteristics of gluckokinase

A

1 not inhibited by glucose 6 phosphate unlike hexokinase
2 higher michaelis menten constant aka low affinity for glucose but with higher maximum reaction rate hence larger capacity than hexokinase once activated

78
Q

Essential amino acids

PVT TIM haLL always argues never tyres

A for arginine, T is not for tyrosine

A

Phenylalanine
Valine
Tryptophan

Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine

histidine - becomes essential in times of Stress
arginine
Leucine
Lysine

79
Q

Inhibits by glucose 6 phosphate

A

Hexokinase

80
Q

Disulfiram reaction secondary to accumulation of __________ via
reaction that is zero order kinetics

A

Acetaldehyde

 Alcohol dehydrogenase         Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase ETOH-------------------> acetaldehyde -------------> acetate
    NAD to NADH                          NAD to NADH
81
Q

Functions of PTH 4

A
  • Inc bone resorption of calcium and phosphate
  • Inc kidney reabsorption of calcium in distal convoluted tubule
  • Dec reabsorption of phosphate in proximal convoluted tubule
  • Inc 1 25 OH2 D3 calcitriol production by stimulating kidney 1 alpha hydroxylase
82
Q

Derivatives of phenylalanine

A

Thyroxine Melanin
^ ^ Vit C SAM
Phenylalanine -> tyrosine -> dopa ->dopamine-> NE ->Epi

83
Q

Tryptophan derivatives

A

+ b6: Niacin -> NAD/NADP
Tryptophan
Serotonin -> melatonin

84
Q

Derivative of Histidine

A

Histamine

85
Q

Derivatives of Glycine

A

Glycine + b6 = porphyrin -> heme

86
Q

Derivatives of Arginine

A

Creatinine
Urea
Nitric oxide

87
Q

Derivatives of glutamate

A

1GABA from Glutamate + B6

2 glutathione

88
Q

Characteristics of gluckokinase

A

1 not inhibited by glucose 6 phosphate unlike hexokinase
2 higher michaelis menten constant aka low affinity for glucose but with higher maximum reaction rate hence larger capacity than hexokinase once activated

89
Q

Essential amino acids

PVT TIM haLL always argues never tyres

A for arginine, T is not for tyrosine

A

Phenylalanine
Valine
Tryptophan

Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine

histidine - becomes essential in times of Stress
arginine
Leucine
Lysine

90
Q

Inhibits by glucose 6 phosphate

A

Hexokinase

91
Q

Disulfiram reaction secondary to accumulation of __________ via
reaction that is zero order kinetics

A

Acetaldehyde

 Alcohol dehydrogenase         Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase ETOH-------------------> acetaldehyde -------------> acetate
    NAD to NADH                          NAD to NADH
92
Q

Functions of PTH 4

A
  • Inc bone resorption of calcium and phosphate
  • Inc kidney reabsorption of calcium in distal convoluted tubule
  • Dec reabsorption of phosphate in proximal convoluted tubule
  • Inc 1 25 OH2 D3 calcitriol production by stimulating kidney 1 alpha hydroxylase
93
Q

Derivatives of phenylalanine

A

Thyroxine Melanin
^ ^ Vit C SAM
Phenylalanine -> tyrosine -> dopa ->dopamine-> NE ->Epi

94
Q

Tryptophan derivatives

A

+ b6: Niacin -> NAD/NADP
Tryptophan
Serotonin -> melatonin

95
Q

Derivative of Histidine

A

Histamine

96
Q

Derivatives of Glycine

A

Glycine + b6 = porphyrin -> heme

97
Q

Derivatives of Arginine

A

Creatinine
Urea
Nitric oxide

98
Q

Derivatives of glutamate

A

1GABA from Glutamate + B6

2 glutathione

99
Q

Characteristics of gluckokinase

A

1 not inhibited by glucose 6 phosphate unlike hexokinase
2 higher michaelis menten constant aka low affinity for glucose but with higher maximum reaction rate hence larger capacity than hexokinase once activated

100
Q

Essential amino acids

PVT TIM haLL always argues never tyres

A for arginine, T is not for tyrosine

A

Phenylalanine
Valine
Tryptophan

Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine

histidine - becomes essential in times of Stress
arginine
Leucine
Lysine

101
Q

Inhibits by glucose 6 phosphate

A

Hexokinase

102
Q

Disulfiram reaction secondary to accumulation of __________ via
reaction that is zero order kinetics

A

Acetaldehyde

 Alcohol dehydrogenase         Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase ETOH-------------------> acetaldehyde -------------> acetate
    NAD to NADH                          NAD to NADH
103
Q

Functions of PTH 4

A
  • Inc bone resorption of calcium and phosphate
  • Inc kidney reabsorption of calcium in distal convoluted tubule
  • Dec reabsorption of phosphate in proximal convoluted tubule
  • Inc 1 25 OH2 D3 calcitriol production by stimulating kidney 1 alpha hydroxylase
104
Q

Derivatives of phenylalanine

A

Thyroxine Melanin
^ ^ Vit C SAM
Phenylalanine -> tyrosine -> dopa ->dopamine-> NE ->Epi

105
Q

Tryptophan derivatives

A

+ b6: Niacin -> NAD/NADP
Tryptophan
Serotonin -> melatonin

106
Q

Derivative of Histidine

A

Histamine

107
Q

Derivatives of Glycine

A

Glycine + b6 = porphyrin -> heme

108
Q

Derivatives of Arginine

A

Creatinine
Urea
Nitric oxide

109
Q

Derivatives of glutamate

A

1GABA from Glutamate + B6

2 glutathione

110
Q

Characteristics of gluckokinase

A

1 not inhibited by glucose 6 phosphate unlike hexokinase
2 higher michaelis menten constant aka low affinity for glucose but with higher maximum reaction rate hence larger capacity than hexokinase once activated

111
Q

Essential amino acids

PVT TIM haLL always argues never tyres

A for arginine, T is not for tyrosine

A

Phenylalanine
Valine
Tryptophan

Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine

histidine - becomes essential in times of Stress
arginine
Leucine
Lysine

112
Q

Inhibits by glucose 6 phosphate

A

Hexokinase

113
Q

Disulfiram reaction secondary to accumulation of __________ via
reaction that is zero order kinetics

A

Acetaldehyde

 Alcohol dehydrogenase         Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase ETOH-------------------> acetaldehyde -------------> acetate
    NAD to NADH                          NAD to NADH
114
Q

Functions of PTH 4

A
  • Inc bone resorption of calcium and phosphate
  • Inc kidney reabsorption of calcium in distal convoluted tubule
  • Dec reabsorption of phosphate in proximal convoluted tubule
  • Inc 1 25 OH2 D3 calcitriol production by stimulating kidney 1 alpha hydroxylase
115
Q

Derivatives of phenylalanine

A

Thyroxine Melanin
^ ^ Vit C SAM
Phenylalanine -> tyrosine -> dopa ->dopamine-> NE ->Epi

116
Q

Tryptophan derivatives

A

+ b6: Niacin -> NAD/NADP
Tryptophan
Serotonin -> melatonin

117
Q

Derivative of Histidine

A

Histamine

118
Q

Derivatives of Glycine

A

Glycine + b6 = porphyrin -> heme

119
Q

Derivatives of Arginine

A

Creatinine
Urea
Nitric oxide

120
Q

Derivatives of glutamate

A

1GABA from Glutamate + B6

2 glutathione

121
Q

Characteristics of gluckokinase

A

1 not inhibited by glucose 6 phosphate unlike hexokinase
2 higher michaelis menten constant aka low affinity for glucose but with higher maximum reaction rate hence larger capacity than hexokinase once activated

122
Q

Essential amino acids

PVT TIM haLL always argues never tyres

A for arginine, T is not for tyrosine

A

Phenylalanine
Valine
Tryptophan

Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine

histidine - becomes essential in times of Stress
arginine
Leucine
Lysine

123
Q

Inhibits by glucose 6 phosphate

A

Hexokinase

124
Q

Disulfiram reaction secondary to accumulation of __________ via
reaction that is zero order kinetics

A

Acetaldehyde

 Alcohol dehydrogenase         Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase ETOH-------------------> acetaldehyde -------------> acetate
    NAD to NADH                          NAD to NADH
125
Q

Functions of PTH 4

A
  • Inc bone resorption of calcium and phosphate
  • Inc kidney reabsorption of calcium in distal convoluted tubule
  • Dec reabsorption of phosphate in proximal convoluted tubule
  • Inc 1 25 OH2 D3 calcitriol production by stimulating kidney 1 alpha hydroxylase
126
Q

Derivatives of phenylalanine

A

Thyroxine Melanin
BH4 ^ BH4 ^ B6 Vit C SAM
Phenylalanine -> tyrosine -> dopa ->dopamine-> NE ->Epi

127
Q

Tryptophan derivatives

A

+ b6: Niacin -> NAD/NADP
Tryptophan
+ bh4: Serotonin -> melatonin

128
Q

Derivative of Histidine

A

Histidine + b6 = Histamine

129
Q

Derivatives of Glycine

A

Glycine + b6 = porphyrin -> heme

130
Q

Derivatives of Arginine

A

Creatinine
Urea
Nitric oxide

131
Q

Derivatives of glutamate

A

1 Glutamate + B6 = GABA

2 glutathione

132
Q

Characteristics of gluckokinase

A

1 not inhibited by glucose 6 phosphate unlike hexokinase
2 higher michaelis menten constant aka low affinity for glucose but with higher maximum reaction rate hence larger capacity than hexokinase once activated

133
Q

Essential amino acids

PVT TIM haLL always argues never tyres

A for arginine, T is not for tyrosine

A

Phenylalanine
Valine
Tryptophan

Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine

histidine - becomes essential in times of Stress
arginine
Leucine
Lysine

134
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

Lolinoleic acid

Linolenic acid

135
Q

Agent that prevents oxygen from serving as the final electron acceptor in ETC

A

Cyanide

Binds cytochrome c aka complex IV therefore stops any further oxidative phosphorylation

136
Q

ETC

Binds the stalk of ATP synthase and blocks re entry of protons into the mitochondrial matrix

Or

Directly inhibits the mitochondrial ATP synthase causing an increase proton gradient, stoping ATP synthesis.

A

Oligomycin

Stops further electron transport since no gradient, activity results in heat production instead of ATP.

Inhibits complex V

137
Q

Directly inhibits electron transport in ETC

A

Complex 1 : Rotenone
Complex 3 : actimycin A
Complex 4 : cyanide, CO

138
Q

Complex II of TCA in inner mitochondria is

A

Succinate dehydrogenase of Krebb’s cycle

139
Q

Universal electron transporters

A

Nicotinamide from niacin
1 NAD+ : catabolic processes
2 NADPH : anabolic process - steroid and FA synthesis
- anabolic processes/respi burst/P 459/glutathione reductase

Flavin nucleotides fr B2

140
Q

Diphosphatidylglycerol eponym

It is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane and bacterial membrane.

A

Cardiolipin

  • only human glycerol phospholipid that is antigenic.
  • it is recognized by antibodies raised against treponema pallium
  • false positive RPR
141
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

Lolinoleic acid

Linolenic acid

142
Q

Agent that prevents oxygen from serving as the final electron acceptor in ETC

A

Cyanide

Binds cytochrome c aka complex IV therefore stops any further oxidative phosphorylation

143
Q

ETC

Binds the stalk of ATP synthase and blocks re entry of protons into the mitochondrial matrix

Or

Directly inhibits the mitochondrial ATP synthase causing an increase proton gradient, stoping ATP synthesis.

A

Oligomycin

Stops further electron transport since no gradient, activity results in heat production instead of ATP.

Inhibits complex V

144
Q

Directly inhibits electron transport in ETC

A

Complex 1 : Rotenone
Complex 3 : actimycin A
Complex 4 : cyanide, CO

145
Q

Complex II of TCA in inner mitochondria is

A

Succinate dehydrogenase of Krebb’s cycle

146
Q

Universal electron transporters

A

Nicotinamide from niacin
1 NAD+ : catabolic processes
2 NADPH : anabolic process - steroid and FA synthesis
- anabolic processes/respi burst/P 459/glutathione reductase

Flavin nucleotides fr B2

147
Q

Diphosphatidylglycerol eponym

It is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane and bacterial membrane.

A

Cardiolipin

  • only human glycerol phospholipid that is antigenic.
  • it is recognized by antibodies raised against treponema pallium
  • false positive RPR
148
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

Lolinoleic acid

Linolenic acid

149
Q

Agent that prevents oxygen from serving as the final electron acceptor in ETC

A

Cyanide

Binds cytochrome c aka complex IV therefore stops any further oxidative phosphorylation

150
Q

ETC

Binds the stalk of ATP synthase and blocks re entry of protons into the mitochondrial matrix

Or

Directly inhibits the mitochondrial ATP synthase causing an increase proton gradient, stoping ATP synthesis.

A

Oligomycin

Stops further electron transport since no gradient, activity results in heat production instead of ATP.

Inhibits complex V

151
Q

Directly inhibits electron transport in ETC

A

Complex 1 : Rotenone
Complex 3 : actimycin A
Complex 4 : cyanide, CO

152
Q

Complex II of TCA in inner mitochondria is

A

Succinate dehydrogenase of Krebb’s cycle

153
Q

Universal electron transporters

A

Nicotinamide from niacin
1 NAD+ : catabolic processes
2 NADPH : anabolic process - steroid and FA synthesis
- anabolic processes/respi burst/P 459/glutathione reductase

Flavin nucleotides fr B2

154
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

Lolinoleic acid

Linolenic acid

155
Q

Agent that prevents oxygen from serving as the final electron acceptor in ETC

A

Cyanide

Binds cytochrome c aka complex IV therefore stops any further oxidative phosphorylation

156
Q

ETC

Binds the stalk of ATP synthase and blocks re entry of protons into the mitochondrial matrix

Or

Directly inhibits the mitochondrial ATP synthase causing an increase proton gradient, stoping ATP synthesis.

A

Oligomycin

Stops further electron transport since no gradient, activity results in heat production instead of ATP.

Inhibits complex V

157
Q

Directly inhibits electron transport in ETC

A

Complex 1 : Rotenone
Complex 3 : actimycin A
Complex 4 : cyanide, CO

158
Q

Complex II of TCA in inner mitochondria is

A

Succinate dehydrogenase of Krebb’s cycle

159
Q

Universal electron transporters

A

Nicotinamide from niacin
1 NAD+ : catabolic processes
2 NADPH : anabolic process - steroid and FA synthesis
- anabolic processes/respi burst/P 459/glutathione reductase

Flavin nucleotides fr B2

160
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

Lolinoleic acid

Linolenic acid

161
Q

Agent that prevents oxygen from serving as the final electron acceptor in ETC

A

Cyanide

Binds cytochrome c aka complex IV therefore stops any further oxidative phosphorylation

162
Q

ETC

Binds the stalk of ATP synthase and blocks re entry of protons into the mitochondrial matrix

Or

Directly inhibits the mitochondrial ATP synthase causing an increase proton gradient, stoping ATP synthesis.

A

Oligomycin

Stops further electron transport since no gradient, activity results in heat production instead of ATP.

Inhibits complex V

163
Q

Directly inhibits electron transport in ETC

A

Complex 1 : Rotenone
Complex 3 : actimycin A
Complex 4 : cyanide, CO

164
Q

Complex II of TCA in inner mitochondria is

A

Succinate dehydrogenase of Krebb’s cycle

165
Q

Universal electron transporters

A

Nicotinamide from niacin
1 NAD+ : catabolic processes
2 NADPH : anabolic process - steroid and FA synthesis
- anabolic processes/respi burst/P 459/glutathione reductase

Flavin nucleotides fr B2

166
Q

Thalassemia

Low or high hemoglobin ?
Low or high MCV

A

Low hemoglobin, Low MCV

Note Spherocytosis has high MCHC due to spheroid shape

167
Q

Enzyme deficient in Porphyria

A 
Porphobilinogen deaminase 
Aka
Uroporphyrinogen 1 synthase 
Aka 
Porphobilinogen synthase

With Accumulation of : 1 aminolevunilate 2 PBG

Note:
X linked siderobalstic anemia: deficient ALA synthase
Inhibits by lead: ALA dehydratase and ferrochelatase

168
Q

Other name for MEN II syndrome

A

MEN 2A : Sipple’s syndrome

  • ret proto-oncogene
  • MEN syndromes are AD inheritance pattern

MEN 1/ Wermer’s: 3 Ps pituitary, parathyroid, pancreas
MEN 2A/Sipple’s: 2 Ps parathyroid and pheochromocytoma,
1 M medullary thyroid Ca
MEN 2B : 1 P pheochromocytoma
2 M medullary thyroid Ca, Marfanoid habitués

169
Q

Chromosome for retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma

A

Chromosome 13

Rb gene : 13

170
Q

Hereditary Conjugated/Direct Hyperbilirubinemia

A

Conjugated
Dubin-Johnson/Discolored liver
Rotor’s Syndrome

171
Q

Arrests in human ova development at birth, after puberty

A

after birth: Meiosis I at PROPHASE I

after puberty: Meiosis II at METAPHASE II

172
Q

Second messengers of G protein coupled receptors

kiss/kick/sick/sex: qiss,qiq,siq,sqs

A

q A1
i A2
s B1
s B2

q M1
i M2
q M3

s D1
i D2
q H1

s H2
q V1
s V2

173
Q

N myc ?

C myc ?

L myc ?

A

N myc ? Neuroblastoma

C myc ? Burkitt’s lymphoma

L myc ? Lung tumor

174
Q 
Define/Give examples
Transcription 
Postranscription modification 
Translation
Postranslational modification
A

TransCription: DNA to RNA
Postranscriptional modification: 5’capping, 3’polyadenyation,
alternative RNA splicing
TransLation: mRNA to protein
Postranslational modification: O glycosylation, N glycosylation,
Sulfation

175
Q

Drug that inhibits function of micro tubules, kinesins, kinetochore, or centromeres act at what phase of mitosis

A

Pro metaphase

-PPMAT

176
Q

Mutation of V2 receptors cause

A

Diabetes Insipidus

177
Q

Thalassemia

Low or high hemoglobin ?
Low or high MCV

A

Low hemoglobin, Low MCV

Note Spherocytosis has high MCHC due to spheroid shape

178
Q

Enzyme deficient in Porphyria

A 
Porphobilinogen deaminase 
Aka
Uroporphyrinogen 1 synthase 
Aka 
Porphobilinogen synthase

With Accumulation of : 1 aminolevunilate 2 PBG

Note:
X linked siderobalstic anemia: deficient ALA synthase
Inhibits by lead: ALA dehydratase and ferrochelatase

179
Q

Other name for MEN II syndrome

A

MEN 2A : Sipple’s syndrome

  • ret proto-oncogene
  • MEN syndromes are AD inheritance pattern

MEN 1/ Wermer’s: 3 Ps pituitary, parathyroid, pancreas
MEN 2A/Sipple’s: 2 Ps parathyroid and pheochromocytoma,
1 M medullary thyroid Ca
MEN 2B : 1 P pheochromocytoma
2 M medullary thyroid Ca, Marfanoid habitués

180
Q

Chromosome for retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma

A

Chromosome 13

Rb gene : 13

181
Q

Hereditary Conjugated/Direct Hyperbilirubinemia

A

Conjugated
Dubin-Johnson/Discolored liver
Rotor’s Syndrome

182
Q

Arrests in human ova development at birth, after puberty

A

after birth: Meiosis I at PROPHASE I

after puberty: Meiosis II at METAPHASE II

183
Q

Second messengers of G protein coupled receptors

kiss/kick/sick/sex: qiss,qiq,siq,sqs

A

q A1
i A2
s B1
s B2

q M1
i M2
q M3

s D1
i D2
q H1

s H2
q V1
s V2

184
Q

N myc ?

C myc ?

L myc ?

A

N myc ? Neuroblastoma

C myc ? Burkitt’s lymphoma

L myc ? Lung tumor

185
Q 
Define/Give examples
Transcription 
Postranscription modification 
Translation
Postranslational modification
A

TransCription: DNA to RNA
Postranscriptional modification: 5’capping, 3’polyadenyation,
alternative RNA splicing
TransLation: mRNA to protein
Postranslational modification: O glycosylation, N glycosylation,
Sulfation

186
Q

Drug that inhibits function of micro tubules, kinesins, kinetochore, or centromeres act at what phase of mitosis

A

Pro metaphase

-PPMAT

187
Q

Mutation of V2 receptors cause

A

Diabetes Insipidus

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