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My board exam flashcards > Patho > Flashcards

Patho Flashcards

1
Q

Cytokines of chronic inflammation

A

1IL 12 inc IFN Y 2INF Y activates macrophages 3IL 17 recruites neutrophils and monocytes

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2
Q

DMARD activates TB

A

Infliximab

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3
Q

Sarcoidosis

A

non caseating granuloma increases ACE

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4
Q

Subacute endocarditis

A

S viridans

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5
Q

Native valve endocarditis

A

S viridans

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6
Q

Prosthetic valve endocarditis

A

S epidermidis

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7
Q

Marantic endocarditis

A

S Bovis

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8
Q

Septic endocarditis

A

S aureus Tricuspid valve endocarditis in IV drug user

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9
Q

AD Nervous system Ds 4

A

1Huntington CAG 2NF 3Myotonic dystrophy CTG 4Tuberous Sclerosis

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10
Q

AD Urinary system Ds 1

A

Polycystic kidney ds

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11
Q

AD GIT Ds 1

A

Familial polyposis

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12
Q

AD Hema 2

A

1 Hereditary spherocytosis 2 vWF

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13
Q

AD Skeletal Ds 4

A

1Osteogenesis imperfecta 2Ehler Danlos 3Marfan FIBRILLIN 1 4Achondroplasia

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14
Q

AD metabolic 2

A

1Familial hypercholesterolemia LDL Receptor 2Acute intermittent pophyria

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15
Q

X linked Dominant 2

A

1Vit D ressistant rickets 2Alport Syndrome collagen 4

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16
Q

X linked Recessive Msk 1

A

Duchenne DYSTROPHIN

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17
Q

X linked Recessive Hema 3

A

1 Hemophilia A B 2Chronic granilomatous Ds 3Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase def

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18
Q

X linked Recessive Immune 2

A

1 Aggamaglobinemia 2Wiskott Aldrich syndrome

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19
Q

X linked Recessive Metabolic 2

A

1DI 2Lesch Neyhan

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20
Q

X linked Recessive Nervous 1

A

X lFragile X CGG

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21
Q

Ectopia lentis Marfan vs Homocystinuria

A

Marfan SUPERO TEMPORAL Homocystinuria INFERO NASAL

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22
Q

LI fraumeni ca mutated tumor suppresor gene

A

AD mutation of P53 leading to family history of Osteosacoma Breast cancer Soft tissue sarcoma Adrenocortical tumor Leukemia

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23
Q

MEN2 syndrome gene

A

Ret

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24
Q

Boot shaped heart

A

TOF

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25
Q

Egg shaped cardiac silhouette

A

Transposition of the great vessels

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26
Q

Nephrotic Syndromes 5 FeDe MMR

A

1MCD 2MGN 3Diabetic Nephropathy 4Renal amyloidosis 5FSGN

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27
Q

Nephritic Syndromes 5 PAGARP

A

1PSGN 2 Iga nephritis 3Goodpasture 4AlFourth syndrome 5RPGN 6Lypus nephropathy

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28
Q

MUDPILES of high anion gap metabolic acidosis

A

Methanol Uremia DKA Paraldehyde Phenformin Iron tablets INH Lactic acidosis Ethylene glycol Salicylates or ASA

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29
Q

HARDUP of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis

A

Hyperalimentation Acetazolamide RTA Diarrhea Ureteroenteric fistula Pancreaticoduodenal fistula

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30
Q

ARF Pre renal

A

Urine osmolality GREATER 500 Urine Na LESS 10 BUN CREA ratio GREATER 15

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31
Q

ARF Renal

A

Urine osmolality LESS 350 Urine Na GREATER 20 BUN CREA ratio LESS 15

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32
Q

ARF Pre renal

A

Urine osmolality GREATER 500 Urine Na LESS 10 BUN CREA ratio GREATER 15

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33
Q

UMN vagus lesion

A

uvula deviates ipsilateral to lesion

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34
Q

LMN vagus lesion

A

uvula deviates contralateral to lesion

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35
Q

Causes of pancreatitis GET SMASHED

A

Gallstones Ethanol Trauma Steroid high dose Mumps Autoimmune Scorpion bit ERCP Drugs such as aspariginase

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36
Q

Lymphoblast MPO and PAS

A

MPO negative PAS positive ALL T12 21 better prognosis

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37
Q

Myeloblast MPO

A

MPO positive

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38
Q

T 15 17 translocation

A

AML M3 with auer rods

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39
Q

Alkaline phosphatase in leukemoid reaction

A

Increased

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40
Q

DOC for CML

A

Imatinib tyrosine kinase inhibitor

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41
Q

Hodgkins lymphoma regimen

A

ABVD

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42
Q

Non Hodgkins lymphoma regimen

A

CHOP

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43
Q

Reed sternberg

A

Hodgkins Lymphoma

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44
Q

Encapsulated organism SHiNy CKaP

A

S pneumonia H influenza N meningitidis Crypticoccus neoformans Klebsiella P aeroginosa

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45
Q

Mutation Sickle cell

A

Point mutation

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46
Q

Mutation Thalassemia

A

Deletion

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47
Q

MCC CAP

A

S. Pneumonia

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48
Q

MCC Common cold

A

Rhinovirus

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49
Q

MC Viral cause of Atypical Pneumonia in children

A

RSV

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50
Q

MCC croup in infants

A

Parainfluenza virus Steeple sign

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51
Q

MCC atypical pneumonia

A

Mycoplasma pneumonia

52
Q

Contains edema factor lethal factor and protective antigen

A

B anthracis

53
Q

Anaerobe draining sinuses in the jaw sulfur granuels

A

Actinomyces israeli

54
Q

Thumbprint sign

A

H influenza causing bacterial epiglotitis

55
Q

MCC nosocomial pneumonia and pneumonia in CF

A

Pseudomonas aeriginosa SWARMING MOTILITY

56
Q

Pyocyanin pneumonia associated with infarction due to vessel invasion

A

Pseudomonas aeriginosa

57
Q

Budding yeast with narrow based buds encapsulated

A

Cryptococcus

58
Q

Narrow angled branching septate hyphae

A

Aspergillus A Acute Angle

59
Q

Wide angled hyphae without septae

A

Mucor

60
Q

Ghon focus location

A

lower lobe PRIMARY TB

61
Q

Ghon complex

A

ghon focus plus hilar adenopathy

62
Q

Secondary TB found in Apex

A

Simon focus

63
Q

TB drug with worst hepatitis SE

A

Pyrazinamide also GOUT LIKE symptoms

64
Q

MC type of lung Ca

A

Metastasis

65
Q

MC primary lung cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

66
Q

Tumor suppresor genes

A

Rb Retinoblastoma. P53.

67
Q

Blocks G1 to S phase.Inhibits E2F.

A

Rb. Tumor suppresor gene.

68
Q

Blocks G1 to S phase. Transcription factor for p21.

A

p53.

69
Q

DNA repair protein

A

BRCA1 BRCA2

70
Q

Tumor suppresor genes 10

A

Rb. P53. BRCA1 2. NF 1 2. WT1. APC. VHL. DPC deleted in pancreatic ca. DCC deleted in colon ca.

71
Q

Tumor suppresors are usually

A

Autosomal recesseive EXCEPT VHL. 2 hit hypothesis.

72
Q

Oncogenes are usually

A

autosomal dominant

73
Q

Present in PBS of post splenectomy patients

A

Howell jolly bodies and target cells

74
Q

Acetazolamide, furosemide and hctz cause what acid base disorder.

A

Metabolic acidosis - acetazolamide

Metabolic alkalosis - furo and hctz

75
Q

Warm agglutinin (IgG) found in

A

Chronic anemia of SLE, CLL

Drugs methyldopa

76
Q

Cold agglutinin (IgM) found in

Cold ay Malamig:)

A

Acute anemia of

  • CLL
  • Mycoplasma pneumonia
  • Infectious mononucleosis
77
Q

Anti Ig antibody is added to patients serum. RBCs agglutinate if RBCs are coated with Ig.

A

Direct Coomb’s test

78
Q

Normal RBCs added to patient’s serum. Blood will agglutinate if serum has anti RBC surface Ig.

A

Indirect Coomb’s test

79
Q

Present in PBS of post splenectomy patients

A

Howell jolly bodies and target cells

80
Q

Causes of eosinophilia

Red warriors of the NCAA of Philippines

A 
Red warrior - eosinophils
Neoplasm
Collagen 
Vascular disease
Asthma
Allergy
Parasites
81
Q

Have round densely staining nuclei that nearly fill up the entire cell

Or

Small and round with densely staining nuclei

A

B and T lymphocytes

82
Q

Cytoplasm filled with large bluish granules. Elevated in allergic reaction only, not parasitic reactions.

A

Mast cells

These interact with IgE and degranulate releasing heparin, histamine and oth chemo tactic factors.

Elevated bothe parasitic and allergic : eosinophils

83
Q

Kidney shaped nucleus

A

Monocytes

Inc during chronic inflammation (viral/fungal) and migrate to the tissue where they differentiate into macrophages.

84
Q

Multi lobed nuclei with pink granules that contain hydrolytic enzymes, lysozymes and myeloperoxidase.

A

Neutrophils

85
Q

Seronegative spondyloarthropathies

Arthritis without rheumatoid factor (no anti IgG antibody), with strong association with HLA B27 ( codes for MhC class I)

PAIR

A

Psoriatic arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Inflammatory bowel disease
Reactive arthritis/Reiter’s syndrome

86
Q

Negatively befringent and needle shaped crystals in joint fluid

A

Urate crystals

Gout

87
Q

Ulnar deviation of wrist

Swan neck and Boutonnière deformity (interphalangeal joint)

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

88
Q

Weakly befringent and rhomboid crystals in joint fluid

A

Pseudo gout

89
Q

Increases risk of developing Goodpastures syndrome

A

Goodpastures syndrome: Type II

Increases risk:

  • dry cleaning solvents - hydrocarbon
  • smoking
90
Q

Warm agglutinin IgG

warm is gGreat

A

Chronic anemia : SLE, CLL
Methyldopa

Note: Cold agglutinin (IgM Malamig)
aCute anemia : CLL, myCoplasma pneumonia,
infeCtious mononuCleosis

91
Q

Acetazolamide, furosemide and hctz cause what acid base disorder.

A

Metabolic acidosis - acetazolamide

Metabolic alkalosis - furo and hctz

92
Q

Warm agglutinin (IgG) found in

A

Chronic anemia of SLE, CLL

Drugs methyldopa

93
Q

Cold agglutinin (IgM) found in

Cold ay Malamig:)

A

Acute anemia of

  • CLL
  • Mycoplasma pneumonia
  • Infectious mononucleosis
94
Q

When you see target cells - HALT

A

Hemoglobin C disease
Asplenia
Liver disease
Thalassemia

95
Q

Anti Ig antibody is added to patients serum. RBCs agglutinate if RBCs are coated with Ig.

A

Direct Coomb’s test

96
Q

Normal RBCs added to patient’s serum. Blood will agglutinate if serum has anti RBC surface Ig.

A

Indirect Coomb’s test

97
Q

Present in PBS of post splenectomy patients

A

Howell jolly bodies and target cells

98
Q

Causes of eosinophilia

Red warriors of the NCAA of Philippines

A 
Red warrior - eosinophils
Neoplasm
Collagen 
Vascular disease
Asthma
Allergy
Parasites
99
Q

Have round densely staining nuclei that nearly fill up the entire cell

Or

Small and round with densely staining nuclei

A

B and T lymphocytes

100
Q

Cytoplasm filled with large bluish granules. Elevated in allergic reaction only, not parasitic reactions.

A

Mast cells

These interact with IgE and degranulate releasing heparin, histamine and oth chemo tactic factors.

Elevated bothe parasitic and allergic : eosinophils

101
Q

Kidney shaped nucleus

A

Monocytes

Inc during chronic inflammation (viral/fungal) and migrate to the tissue where they differentiate into macrophages.

102
Q

Multi lobed nuclei with pink granules that contain hydrolytic enzymes, lysozymes and myeloperoxidase.

A

Neutrophils

103
Q

Seronegative spondyloarthropathies

Arthritis without rheumatoid factor (no anti IgG antibody), with strong association with HLA B27 ( codes for MhC class I)

PAIR

A

Psoriatic arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Inflammatory bowel disease
Reactive arthritis/Reiter’s syndrome

104
Q

Negatively befringent and needle shaped crystals in joint fluid

A

Urate crystals

Gout

105
Q

Ulnar deviation of wrist

Swan neck and Boutonnière deformity (interphalangeal joint)

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

106
Q

Weakly befringent and rhomboid crystals in joint fluid

A

Pseudo gout

107
Q

Increases risk of developing Goodpastures syndrome

A

Goodpastures syndrome: Type II

Increases risk:

  • dry cleaning solvents - hydrocarbon
  • smoking
108
Q

Warm agglutinin IgG

warm is gGreat

A

Chronic anemia : SLE, CLL
Methyldopa

Note: Cold agglutinin (IgM Malamig)
aCute anemia : CLL, myCoplasma pneumonia,
infeCtious mononuCleosis

109
Q

Acetazolamide, furosemide and hctz cause what acid base disorder.

A

Metabolic acidosis - acetazolamide

Metabolic alkalosis - furo and hctz

110
Q

Warm agglutinin (IgG) found in

A

Chronic anemia of SLE, CLL

Drugs methyldopa

111
Q

Cold agglutinin (IgM) found in

Cold ay Malamig:)

A

Acute anemia of

  • CLL
  • Mycoplasma pneumonia
  • Infectious mononucleosis
112
Q

When you see target cells - HALT

A

Hemoglobin C disease
Asplenia
Liver disease
Thalassemia

113
Q

Anti Ig antibody is added to patients serum. RBCs agglutinate if RBCs are coated with Ig.

A

Direct Coomb’s test

114
Q

Normal RBCs added to patient’s serum. Blood will agglutinate if serum has anti RBC surface Ig.

A

Indirect Coomb’s test

116
Q

Causes of eosinophilia

Red warriors of the NCAA of Philippines

A 
Red warrior - eosinophils
Neoplasm
Collagen 
Vascular disease
Asthma
Allergy
Parasites
117
Q

Have round densely staining nuclei that nearly fill up the entire cell

Or

Small and round with densely staining nuclei

A

B and T lymphocytes

118
Q

Cytoplasm filled with large bluish granules. Elevated in allergic reaction only, not parasitic reactions.

A

Mast cells

These interact with IgE and degranulate releasing heparin, histamine and oth chemo tactic factors.

Elevated bothe parasitic and allergic : eosinophils

119
Q

Kidney shaped nucleus

A

Monocytes

Inc during chronic inflammation (viral/fungal) and migrate to the tissue where they differentiate into macrophages.

120
Q

Multi lobed nuclei with pink granules that contain hydrolytic enzymes, lysozymes and myeloperoxidase.

A

Neutrophils

121
Q

Seronegative spondyloarthropathies

Arthritis without rheumatoid factor (no anti IgG antibody), with strong association with HLA B27 ( codes for MhC class I)

PAIR

A

Psoriatic arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Inflammatory bowel disease
Reactive arthritis/Reiter’s syndrome

122
Q

Negatively befringent and needle shaped crystals in joint fluid

A

Urate crystals

Gout

123
Q

Ulnar deviation of wrist

Swan neck and Boutonnière deformity (interphalangeal joint)

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

124
Q

Weakly befringent and rhomboid crystals in joint fluid

A

Pseudo gout

125
Q

Increases risk of developing Goodpastures syndrome

A

Goodpastures syndrome: Type II

Increases risk:

  • dry cleaning solvents - hydrocarbon
  • smoking
126
Q

Warm agglutinin IgG

warm is gGreat

A

Chronic anemia : SLE, CLL
Methyldopa

Note: Cold agglutinin (IgM Malamig)
aCute anemia : CLL, myCoplasma pneumonia,
infeCtious mononuCleosis

130
Q

When you see target cells - HALT

A

Hemoglobin C disease
Asplenia
Liver disease
Thalassemia

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