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My board exam flashcards > Microbio > Flashcards

Microbio Flashcards

1
Q

Pus Empyema Abscess

A

S aureus

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2
Q

Pediatric infection

A

H influenza including epiglotitis

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3
Q

Pneumonia in CF and burn

A

P aeruginosa

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4
Q

Branching rods in oral infection with sulfur granules

A

Actinomyces israelii

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5
Q

traumatic open wound

“Crackling” “crepitus” on palpation

A

clostridium perfinges

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6
Q

surgical wound

A

s aureus

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7
Q

dog or cat bite

A

pasteurella multicoda

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8
Q

positice PAS stain

A

tropheryma whipplei

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9
Q

fungal infection in DM or immunocompromised

A

mucor or rhizopus

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10
Q

asplenic patient

A

encapsulated microbes SHiN S pneumonia H influenza B N meningitidis

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11
Q

chronic granulomatous ds

A

cat positive microbes esp S aureus

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12
Q

White on MacConkey agar

A

Nonlactose fermenting bacteria SALMONELLA SHIGELLA

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13
Q

Light green colonies with black center on Hektoen

A

Salmonella

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14
Q

Lactose fermenters

A

E colia Klebsiella

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15
Q

Cuase of neonatal herpes

A

HSV 2

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16
Q

Gram positive anaerobe produces toxin A (diarrhea) and toxin B (cytotoxic)

A

C. difficile

Toxin A attaches to brush border of the gut then

Toxin B destroys cytoskeleton of enterocytes causing pseudo membranous colitis

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17
Q

Absence or near absence of tonsils and adenoids in child with recurrent bacterial infection suggests

A

Bruttons aggamaglobinemia

  • x linked humoral (antibody mediated) immunity
  • arrest of devt at pre B cell stage hence can’t make IGs
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18
Q

Child predisposed to viral infections and intracellular pathogens

A

di georgi syndrome catch 22

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19
Q

MOA metronidazole

A

In anaerobes

Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

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20
Q

Eukaryote or prokaryote: membrane bound organelle

A

Eukaryotes

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21
Q

Grows on charcoal agar with iron and cysteine

A

Legionella.

Seen on silver stain

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22
Q

Grows on chocolate agar with factor V and X

A

H. Influenza

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23
Q

Beta hemolytic bacteria 4

A

Staph aureus
PbA pyogenes bacitracin ayaw agalactiae
Listeria monocytogenes - tumbling motility, newborn meningitis,
unpasteurized milk in adults

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24
Q

Bacterial Meningitis empiric tx

A

Ceftriaxone + vancomycin

Add ampicillin if listeria suspected

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25
Q

Stain positive for CD15 and CD30

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

  • Note reed steernberg
  • assoc w EBV
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26
Q

Opposes action of cytokines or dampens immune response to restore balance

A

Transforming factor beta

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27
Q

Hot T Bone stEAk

Mnemonic for interleukins

A 
IL1 Hot - fever
IL2 T cells stimulation
IL3 Bone marrow stimulation
IL4 IgE production
IL5 IgA production
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28
Q

Major chemotactic factor for neutrophils

Clean up on aisle 8

A

IL8

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29
Q

Rash begins from HAIRLINE down to trunk and limbs VS rash begins from face then down to body

A

Hairline onset rash - rubeola or measles

Face to body - rubella or German measles

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30
Q

Interstitial pneumonia common in adults 18 to 40 yo. Etiology?

A

atypiCaL pneuMonia
Mycoplasma
Legionella
Clamydia

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31
Q

Causes of lobar pneumonia

A

S pneumonia > klebsiella

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32
Q

Mega colon and mega esophagus etiology

A 
Chagas ds. T cruz. 
Reduvid bug or kissing bug coz painless. 
Dilated cardiomyopathy "t corazoni"
Dx blood smear. 
Tx nifurtimox
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33
Q

Visceral leishmaniasis or kala agar

A

Leishmania donovani
Sandfly
Dx macrophages containing amastigotes
Tx sodium stibogluuconate

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34
Q

Trematodes or flukes treated with PRAZIQUANTEL 3

A

S haematobium - snails. Cercariae penetrate skin. SCC bladder

Clonorchis sinensis - undercooked fish. CholangioCA gallbladder

Paragonius westermani - undercooked crab. Lung inflam,
hemoptysis

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35
Q

Prevents release of acetylcholine from NMJ

A

Botulinum toxin

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36
Q

Blocks glycine and GABA release from Renshaw cells in the spinal cord

A

Tetanus toxin or tetanospasmin

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37
Q

Toxin produced by c perfinges

A

Alpha toxin or lecithinase causing Gas gangrene

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38
Q

Toxins that Inhibit protein synthesis:

inactivates EF 2

A

Diptheria toxin - Corneybacterium diptheria

Exotoxin A - Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cause host cell death.

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39
Q

Toxins that inhibit protein synthesis:

inactivates 60s ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA

A

Shiga toxin - Shigella spp - invades mucosa - HUS

Shiga lilke toxin - EHEC O157 H7 - not invade mucosa - HUS

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40
Q

Toxins that increase fluid secretion

Watery diarrhea. Labile in Air, stable in Ground.

A

ETEC

1 heat LABILE toxin. Inc cAMP, inc Cl secretion into gut, followed
by water
2 heat STABLE toxin. Inc cGMP, dec NaCl resorption so more
NaCl and H2O in gut

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41
Q

Toxins that increase fluid secretion

A

Bacillus anthracis, V cholera, ETEC

Bacillus anthracis : Edema Factor. Inc cAMP

V cholera : Cholera toxin. Inc Gs, inc cAMP, inc Cl secretion into
gut. H2O follows Cl.

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42
Q

Cleaves SNARE protein inhibiting NT release

A

Tetanospasmin GABA and glycine

Botulinum toxin ACh

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43
Q

Gram POSITIVE RODS spore forming
2 aerobic
4 anaerobic

A

Aerobes: B cereus and B anthracis

Anaerobe motile : C tetani, C. difficile , C botulinum

Anaerobe nonmotile : C perfringes

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44
Q

Gram POSITIVE RODS non spore forming

A

L monocytogenes - tumbling motility , jets fr cell to cell

C diptheria - Chinese characters, loefflers or tellurite medium

A Israeli

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45
Q

Spirochetes gram neg

A

Treponema
Borrelia sp
Leptospirosis sp

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46
Q

Gram neg, oxidase +, comma shaped

Grows in 42C

Grows in alkaline media

A

Grows in 42C : campylobacter jejuni

Grows in alkaline media : vibrio cholera

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47
Q

Gram NEG rods LACTOSE fermenter

A

Fast lactose fermenters: Klebsiella , E. coli

Sow lactose fermenters: Citrobacter, Serratia

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48
Q

Gram NEG rods NON lactose fermenter

Oxidase -

Oxidase +

A

Oxidase NEGative: shigella, salmonella, proteus

Oxidase POSitive: Pseudomonas, H pylori

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49
Q

Diagnosis of mycoplasma pneumonia

A

Cold agglutinin titer

Cold agglutinin are antibodies that cause RBCs to clump together at low temperature

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50
Q

Genotype that is offers some protection against certain strains of HIV

A

Homozygous for mutations of CCR5 gene.

CCR5 is a chemokine receptor in macrophages that facilitate viral entry into cells.

51
Q

Responsible for opsonization and clearance of gram NEGAtive bacteria.

A

Complement pathway

52
Q

Complement system: the 2 antibodies that can bind antigen

A

IgG and IgM

  • Fab region: binds Ag, specific to Ag
  • Fc region : constant, carboxyl, complement binding
53
Q

Antibody diversity s generated by

A

1 random recombination of vj light chain or vdj heavy chain genes
2 random combination of heavy with light chains
3 somatic hypermutation
4 addition of nucleotide to DNA

54
Q

Heavy chain vs light chain of Ab

A

Heavy chain: Fc and Fab

Light chain: Fab

55
Q

Antibody function

A

Opsonization
Neutralization
Complement activation

56
Q

Holds light chains and heavy chains together

A

Disulfide bonds

57
Q

Mature B lymphocytes express which immunoglobulins?

A

IgM and IgD

They differentiate by isotype switching aka gene rearrangement mediated by cytokines and CD40 into plasma cells that secrete IgA, IgE or IgG

58
Q

Most important cytokines mediator of septic shock

A

Tumor necrosis factor

  • secreted by macrophages
59
Q

Activates macrophages and TH1 cells

A

Interferon gamma

60
Q

Mediators of anaphylactic shock

A

C3a and C5a

C3a and C5 bind to IgE releasing histamine

61
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell vs general population etiology

A

sickle cell : Salmonella

general population : staphylococcus aureus

62
Q

Inhibitors of complement system

A

DAF and C1 esterase

63
Q

Opsonins in bacterial defense

A

C3b and IgG

64
Q

Complements active in anaphylaxis

A

C3a and C5a

65
Q

Complement function: neutrophil chemotaxis

66
Q

Activation of complement system 3

A

1 classic pathway: IgG or IgM
2 alternative pathway: microbe surface molecules
3 lectin pathway : mannose or other sugars on microbe surface

67
Q

Low IgM, x linked disorder. Presenting as recurrent pyogenes infections, eczema, and thrombocytopenia.

A

Wiskott Aldrich syndrome

68
Q

Acid fast staining cysts

A

Cryptosporidium sp - watery diarrhea in immunocompromised

Toxoplasma gondii - brain abscess in HIV, ToRCHeS. Tx: sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine. T: cysts, sexual stage in cats

69
Q

Amoeba with ingested RBC

A

Entamoeba histolytica

Presentation: bloody diarrhea/dysentery, abdominal cramps with tenesmus, pus in stool. Liver abscess.

Tx metronidazole or iodoquinol

70
Q

Tear shaped trophozoites with two nuclei

A

GiarDIA lamblia

P: bloating, flatulence, foul smelling non bloody diarrhea
T: cysts in water

71
Q

Leishmania donovani t, tx, microscope

A

T: sandfly female

Microscope: macrophages containing amastigotes

Tx: sodium stibogluconate

72
Q

Maltese cross

A

Babesia sp.

P: malaria like
T: ixodes tick
Tx: quinine

73
Q

T cruz tx

A

Nifurtimox

Microscope: flagellated trypomastigote in blood
Non motile Amastigotes in tissue

Reduviid bug

74
Q

HAV

A

RNA picornavirus

75
Q

HBV

A

DNA hepadnavirus

76
Q

HCV

A

RNA flavivirus

77
Q

HDV

A

RNA delta virus

78
Q

HEV

A

RNA hepevirus

79
Q

How is P aeruginosa cleared from the body

A

P aeruginosa is a gram neg bacteria.

Gram neg bacteria is cleared by MAC -C5b to C9. MAC forms a pore in the membrane of gram negative bacteria and ultimately causes lysis of the cell.

80
Q

Spherules filled with endospores

A

Coccidioidomycosis

81
Q

Budding yeast with captain’s wheel

A

Paracoccidioidomycosis

Endemic in Latin America

82
Q

Mold with septate hyphae that branch at a V shaped 45 degree angle

A

Apergillus fumigatus

  • Acute angle!!! is 45 degrees : fungus ball
  • in immunocompromised or those with CGD
  • allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in asthma or CF
  • aspergilloma in lung cavities, especially after TB infection
83
Q

Soap bubble lesions in brain

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

CD4 + cell is < 100/mm3
Pigeon droppings

  • encapsulated yeast with narrow based budding
  • inhaled-> hematogenous spread to meninges
  • culture Sabouraud’s agar. Stains India ink. Latex agglutination is more specific: polysaccharide capsular Ag.
84
Q

Dimorphic fungi

Grown in 25C : septate hyphae and conidia
Grown in 37C : CIGAR shaped yeast

A

Sporothrix schenkii

Tx Itraconazole or potassium iodide

85
Q

Gram positive rod in chain with a PROTEIN capsule

A

Bacillus anthracis

-capsule contains D glutamate

86
Q

Bugs with exotoxins: Inhibit protein synthesis

Inactivates elongation factor (EF-2)

A

Diptheria toxin : C. Diptheria

Exotoxin A : P. aeruginosa

87
Q

Bugs with exotoxins: Inhibit protein synthesis

Inactivates 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA

A

Shiga toxin (ST) : Shigella sp. ( invades host cells)

Shiga-like toxin (SLT) : EHEC O157:H7 ( does not invade cells)

88
Q

Bugs with exotoxins: Increase fluid secretion

Overactivates adenylate cyclase ( inc Cl into gut, H2O follows) ?

Overactivates guanylate cyclase (dec resorption of NaCl) ?

A

Inc cAMP : heat labile toxin of ETEC

Inc cGMP : heat stable toxin of ETEC

” labile in Air, stable on the Ground”

89
Q

Bugs with exotoxins: Increase fluid secretion

Mimics the adenylate cyclase enzyme (inc cAMP)?

Over activates cAMP by permanently activating Gs?

A

Mimics the adenylate cyclase enzyme (inc cAMP)?
- Edema Factor of Bacillus Anthracis

Over activates cAMP by permanently activating Gs?
- Cholera Toxin of Vibrio Cholea

90
Q

Bugs with exotoxins: Inhibit phagocytes ability

Overactivates cAMP by disabling Gi, impairing phagocytosis to permit bacterial survival

A

Pertussis toxin: Bordetella pertussis

91
Q

Very low infective dose

92
Q

Pseudo appendicitis

A

Yersinia enterocolitica

  • bloody diarrhea
93
Q

Comma shaped or S shaped grows at 42C

Comma shaped organism, rice water diarrhea

A

Comma shaped or S shaped grows at 42C: Campybacter

Comma shaped organism, rice water diarrhea: V. Cholera

94
Q

Bloody diarrhea

A 
Campylobacter
Salmonella
Shigella
EHEC E. coli 
Enteroinvasive E. coli
Yersinia enterocolitica 
Entamoeba histolytica
95
Q

Watery diarrhea

A 
Enterotoxigenic E. coli
Vibrio cholera
C. difficile
C perfringes
GiarDIA
Cryptosporidium 
Rotavirus
Novo virus
96
Q

Gram positive rod in chain with a PROTEIN capsule

A

Bacillus anthracis

-capsule contains D glutamate

97
Q

Bugs with exotoxins: Inhibit protein synthesis

Inactivates elongation factor (EF-2)

A

Diptheria toxin : C. Diptheria

Exotoxin A : P. aeruginosa

98
Q

Bugs with exotoxins: Inhibit protein synthesis

Inactivates 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA

A

Shiga toxin (ST) : Shigella sp. ( invades host cells)

Shiga-like toxin (SLT) : EHEC O157:H7 ( does not invade cells)

99
Q

Bugs with exotoxins: Increase fluid secretion

Overactivates adenylate cyclase ( inc Cl into gut, H2O follows) ?

Overactivates guanylate cyclase (dec resorption of NaCl) ?

A

Inc cAMP : heat labile toxin of ETEC

Inc cGMP : heat stable toxin of ETEC

” labile in Air, stable on the Ground”

100
Q

Bugs with exotoxins: Increase fluid secretion

Mimics the adenylate cyclase enzyme (inc cAMP)?

Over activates cAMP by permanently activating Gs?

A

Mimics the adenylate cyclase enzyme (inc cAMP)?
- Edema Factor of Bacillus Anthracis

Over activates cAMP by permanently activating Gs?
- Cholera Toxin of Vibrio Cholea

101
Q

Bugs with exotoxins: Inhibit phagocytes ability

Overactivates cAMP by disabling Gi, impairing phagocytosis to permit bacterial survival

A

Pertussis toxin: Bordetella pertussis

102
Q

Very low infective dose

103
Q

Pseudo appendicitis

A

Yersinia enterocolitica

  • bloody diarrhea
104
Q

Comma shaped or S shaped grows at 42C

Comma shaped organism, rice water diarrhea

A

Comma shaped or S shaped grows at 42C: Campybacter

Comma shaped organism, rice water diarrhea: V. Cholera

105
Q

Bloody diarrhea

A 
Campylobacter
Salmonella
Shigella
EHEC E. coli 
Enteroinvasive E. coli
Yersinia enterocolitica 
Entamoeba histolytica
106
Q

Watery diarrhea

A 
Enterotoxigenic E. coli
Vibrio cholera
C. difficile
C perfringes
GiarDIA
Cryptosporidium 
Rotavirus
Novo virus
107
Q

Organisms capable of antigenic variation

N#1 BIST

A 
Borrelia recurrentis : epidemic relapsing fever : human louse
Salmonella sp
Trypanosomes
Neisseria gonorrhea
Influenza virus
108
Q

Virus that inactive tumor suppressor genes p53 and Rb

A

Human papilloma virus

E6 : p53
E7 : Rb

109
Q

Gram positive rod in chain with a PROTEIN capsule

A

Bacillus anthracis

-capsule contains D glutamate

110
Q

Bugs with exotoxins: Inhibit protein synthesis

Inactivates elongation factor (EF-2)

A

Diptheria toxin : C. Diptheria

Exotoxin A : P. aeruginosa

111
Q

Bugs with exotoxins: Inhibit protein synthesis

Inactivates 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA

A

Shiga toxin (ST) : Shigella sp. ( invades host cells)

Shiga-like toxin (SLT) : EHEC O157:H7 ( does not invade cells)

112
Q

Bugs with exotoxins: Increase fluid secretion

Overactivates adenylate cyclase ( inc Cl into gut, H2O follows) ?

Overactivates guanylate cyclase (dec resorption of NaCl) ?

A

Inc cAMP : heat labile toxin of ETEC

Inc cGMP : heat stable toxin of ETEC

” labile in Air, stable on the Ground”

113
Q

Bugs with exotoxins: Increase fluid secretion

Mimics the adenylate cyclase enzyme (inc cAMP)?

Over activates cAMP by permanently activating Gs?

A

Mimics the adenylate cyclase enzyme (inc cAMP)?
- Edema Factor of Bacillus Anthracis

Over activates cAMP by permanently activating Gs?
- Cholera Toxin of Vibrio Cholea

114
Q

Bugs with exotoxins: Inhibit phagocytes ability

Overactivates cAMP by disabling Gi, impairing phagocytosis to permit bacterial survival

A

Pertussis toxin: Bordetella pertussis

115
Q

Very low infective dose

116
Q

Pseudo appendicitis

A

Yersinia enterocolitica

  • bloody diarrhea
117
Q

Comma shaped or S shaped grows at 42C

Comma shaped organism, rice water diarrhea

A

Comma shaped or S shaped grows at 42C: Campybacter

Comma shaped organism, rice water diarrhea: V. Cholera

118
Q

Bloody diarrhea

A 
Campylobacter
Salmonella
Shigella
EHEC E. coli 
Enteroinvasive E. coli
Yersinia enterocolitica 
Entamoeba histolytica
119
Q

Watery diarrhea

A 
Enterotoxigenic E. coli
Vibrio cholera
C. difficile
C perfringes
GiarDIA
Cryptosporidium 
Rotavirus
Novo virus
120
Q

Organisms capable of antigenic variation

N#1 BIST

A 
Borrelia recurrentis : epidemic relapsing fever : human louse
Salmonella sp
Trypanosomes
Neisseria gonorrhea
Influenza virus
121
Q

Virus that inactive tumor suppressor genes p53 and Rb

A

Human papilloma virus

E6 : p53
E7 : Rb

133
Q

Organisms capable of antigenic variation

N#1 BIST

A 
Borrelia recurrentis : epidemic relapsing fever : human louse
Salmonella sp
Trypanosomes
Neisseria gonorrhea
Influenza virus
134
Q

Virus that inactive tumor suppressor genes p53 and Rb

A

Human papilloma virus

E6 : p53
E7 : Rb

My board exam flashcards (18 decks)

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