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My board exam flashcards > Gen Anatomy > Flashcards

Gen Anatomy Flashcards

0
Q

Landmark: lumbar puncture

A

Iliac crest

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1
Q

Innervation of positive PSOAS sign in AP physical exam

A

Innervation
Psoas ms - lumbar plexus
Iliacus ms - femoral n

Right leg hyperextended, the iliopsoas muscle group pushes against the appendix.

Also positive in pancreatic cancer, inflammation of cecum and sigmoid colon.

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2
Q

McBurney’s point

A

2/3 of the way FROM umbilicus to asis.

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3
Q

Pudendal nerve block

A

Ischial spine

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4
Q

Retro peritoneal structures 9

SAD PUCKER

A 
Suprarenal/adrenal gland
Aorta and IVC
Duodenum 2 & 3
Pancreas
Ureters
Colon desc and ascending
Kidneys
Esophagus lower 2/3
Rectum lower 2/3
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5
Q

Site of mets ovarian ca via direct extension

A

Since its intraperitoneal, it will affect those within peritoneum too ie transverse colon etc excluding SAD PUCKER

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6
Q

Control of vomiting aka chemoreceptor trigger zone

A

Area postrema - medulla at floor of 4th ventricle

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7
Q

Pituitary functions

TAN HATS

A

Thirst
Adenohypophysis

Neurohypophysis and median eminence
Hunger
Autonomic regulation
Temperature
Sexual urges
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8
Q

Lesion in superior colliculi

A

Paralysis of conjugate VERTICAL gaze - parinaud syndrome

CN III IV VI - superior orbital fissure along with V1

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9
Q

Most common initial sensory impairment in DM

A

Loss of vibrational sensation - Pacinian corpuscle

Histo pacinian: onion like appearance

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10
Q

Meissner corpuscle vs Merkel nerve

A

mEISSner corpuscle: hairlEISS: light touch

Merkel nerve: hair follicles: deep static touch

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11
Q

Found in feet, transducer pressure

A

Ruffini corpuscle

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12
Q

Produces Major Basic Protein

A

Eosinophil

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13
Q

Abnormal opening of penile urethra on the superior/dorsal side of penis due to faulty positioning of genital tubercle

A

Epispadia

  • You hit your Eye when you pEE
  • associated with bladder Extrophy

Note: failure of urethral folds to close:HYPOspadia:hypo is below

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14
Q

Injury to male urogenitalia

Anterior bladder wall rupture
Superior bladder wall rupture
Urethral rupture above the urogenital diaphragm
Penile urethral rupture
Urethral below the urogenital diaphragm
A

Anterior bladder wall rupture: fractured pelvis:urine into retro public space.

Superior bladder wall rupture:DOME RUPTURE:compression of full bladder:urine into peritoneal cavity

Urethral rupture above the urogenital diaphragms: fractured: IMPROPER CATHERIZATION: urine into retro public space

Urethral below the urogenital diaphragm:STRADDLE INJURY :urine flow into scrotum and perineal area

Penile urethral rupture: crush injury: urine into buck’s fascia within penis

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15
Q

Cells of the adrenal medulla and SNS ganglia

A

Chromaffin cells

  • visualized by staining with chromium salts.
  • neural crest derivative
  • innervated by splanchnic nerve
  • secrete Epi, NorE, and Enkephalins
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16
Q

Staining: adrenal cortex vs medulla

A

Cortex : eosinophilic

Medulla: basophilic (chromaffin cells)

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17
Q

Injury to Artery of Adamkiewicz occurs during

A

Cardiac surgery

Artery of Adamkiewicz

  • BS lower 2/3 spinal cord
  • from aorta, enters at level of T8-L4
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18
Q

Watershed area in spinal cord

A

T4-T8

Anterior spinal artery supplies: spinothalamic, lateral CST, autonomic

So infarct during surgey ANTERIOR CORD SYNDROME causes loss of

  • pain and temp
  • loss of motor control at these levels
  • bowel and bladder control
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19
Q

Epithelial cell junctions

Loss of _____promotes metastasis

A

E Cadherin

  • found in zonula adherins
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20
Q

Permit communication and electrical exchange between cells

A

Gap junction

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21
Q

Duration of MI based on histology and sequelae/risk

Early coagulative necrosis, edema, hemorrhage, wavy fibers

A

4 - 12 hrs

Risk of arrhythmia

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22
Q

MI sequelae 0 -4 hrs post attack

A

Arrhythmia
CHF exacerbation
Cardiogenic shock

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23
Q

Duration of MI based on histology and sequelae/risk

Contraction bands from REPERFUSION injury. Release of necrotic cell content into blood. Beginning of NEUTROPHIL migration.

A

1-3 days

Fibrinous perocarditis

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24
Q

Duration of MI based on histology and sequelae/risk

MACROPHAGE infiltration followed by granulation tissue at margins

A

3-14 days

Free wall rupture causing tamponade
Papillary muscle rupture
Ventricular aneurysm
Interventricular septal rupture

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25
Q

Duration of MI based on histology and sequelae/risk

Contracted scar complete

A

2 weeks to several months

Dressler’s syndrome - prinzmetal like treated with Ca blockers

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26
Q

Responsible for central vision

A

Macula in occipital pole

  • PCA supplies occipital lobe, responsible for perceiving LATERAL visual field in both eyes
  • Meyer’s loop is the INFERIOR division of optic radiations as they pass through the temporal lobe. Supplied by MCA.
27
Q

Identify presentation of a CN 7 lesion (5)

A

1 dec taste sensation anterior 2/3 IPSI tongue - chorda tympani
2 retroauricular pain - sensory to small area of IPSI ear
3 IPSI facial paralysis - motor to muscles of facial expression
4 inc sensitivity to noise IPSI ear - NS to STAPEDIUS ms which normally prevents excessive movement of stapes
5 dryness IPSI eye and mouth - PNS to IPSI lacrimal gland, submandibular and sublingual gland

28
Q

Basal ganglia direct vs indirect pathway

Which is inhibitory?

A

INdirect pathway : INhibits movement

D1 receptor : D1rect pathway

  • D1rect pathway : D1 receptor : facilitates movement
  • INdirect pathway : INhibits movement : D2 receptor
  • Lentiform nucleus = put amen + globus pallidus
  • Striatum = putamen (motor) + caudate (cognitive)
  • recall nigroStriatal pathway
29
Q

Count up innervation of reflexes ankle, knee, biceps and triceps

A

ankle S1 2
knee L3 4
biceps L5 6
triceps L7 8

30
Q

AEGIS

A

Alpha fibers : extrafusal fibers

Gamma fibers : intrafusal fibers

Skeletal

31
Q

Pathway of muscle reflex

A

Muscle stretch -> intrafusal stretch -> stimulates Ia afferent -> stimulates alpha motor neuron -> reflex extrafusal contraction

32
Q

Site where arachnoid granulations transport CSF from subarachnoid space into the bloodstream

A

Superior Sagittarius sinus

  • site of defect in normal pressure hydrocephalus - “wet, wacky, wobbly”
33
Q

Innervated by radial nerve

Radial nerve innervates the BEST

A

Brachioradialis
Extensors of the wrist and fingers
Supinator
Triceps

34
Q

Raleased by Eosinophils

A

Major Basic Protein

Eosinophilia detected in NAACP

Neoplasia
Asthma
Allergies
Collagen disorder
Parasitic infections
35
Q

Level of horizontal fissure or right lung

A

Level of 4th rib anteriorly

  • separates right upper lobe from middle lobe
36
Q

Relation of pulmonary artery to the bronchus at each lung hills

“RALS”

A

Right anterior, Left superior

Pulmonary artery is anterior to bronchus at right

Pulmonary artery is superior to bronchus at left

37
Q

Why more aspiration in right lung

A

Right main stem bronchus is WIDER and more VERTICAL than left

38
Q

Cremaster reflex NS

A

L1-L2

  • most injured in hernia repair
  • defect: numbness of scrotum and inner thigh

Note most injured vaginal delivery: S2-S4 pudendal nerve. Innervates external genitalia. Presents with bowel and bladder incontinence, perineal anesthesia.

39
Q

Responsible for central vision

A

Macula in occipital pole

  • PCA supplies occipital lobe, responsible for perceiving LATERAL visual field in both eyes
  • Meyer’s loop is the INFERIOR division of optic radiations as they pass through the temporal lobe. Supplied by MCA.
40
Q

Identify presentation of a CN 7 lesion (5)

A

1 dec taste sensation anterior 2/3 IPSI tongue - chorda tympani
2 retroauricular pain - sensory to small area of IPSI ear
3 IPSI facial paralysis - motor to muscles of facial expression
4 inc sensitivity to noise IPSI ear - NS to STAPEDIUS ms which normally prevents excessive movement of stapes
5 dryness IPSI eye and mouth - PNS to IPSI lacrimal gland, submandibular and sublingual gland

41
Q

Basal ganglia direct vs indirect pathway

Which is inhibitory?

A

INdirect pathway : INhibits movement

D1 receptor : D1rect pathway

  • D1rect pathway : D1 receptor : facilitates movement
  • INdirect pathway : INhibits movement : D2 receptor
  • Lentiform nucleus = put amen + globus pallidus
  • Striatum = putamen (motor) + caudate (cognitive)
  • recall nigroStriatal pathway
42
Q

Count up innervation of reflexes ankle, knee, biceps and triceps

A

ankle S1 2
knee L3 4
biceps L5 6
triceps L7 8

43
Q

AEGIS

A

Alpha fibers : extrafusal fibers

Gamma fibers : intrafusal fibers

Skeletal

44
Q

Pathway of muscle reflex

A

Muscle stretch -> intrafusal stretch -> stimulates Ia afferent -> stimulates alpha motor neuron -> reflex extrafusal contraction

45
Q

Site where arachnoid granulations transport CSF from subarachnoid space into the bloodstream

A

Superior Sagittarius sinus

  • site of defect in normal pressure hydrocephalus - “wet, wacky, wobbly”
46
Q

Innervated by radial nerve

Radial nerve innervates the BEST

A

Brachioradialis
Extensors of the wrist and fingers
Supinator
Triceps

47
Q

Raleased by Eosinophils

A

Major Basic Protein

Eosinophilia detected in NAACP

Neoplasia
Asthma
Allergies
Collagen disorder
Parasitic infections
48
Q

Level of horizontal fissure or right lung

A

Level of 4th rib anteriorly

  • separates right upper lobe from middle lobe
49
Q

Relation of pulmonary artery to the bronchus at each lung hills

“RALS”

A

Right anterior, Left superior

Pulmonary artery is anterior to bronchus at right

Pulmonary artery is superior to bronchus at left

50
Q

Why more aspiration in right lung

A

Right main stem bronchus is WIDER and more VERTICAL than left

51
Q

Cremaster reflex NS

A

L1-L2

  • most injured in hernia repair
  • defect: numbness of scrotum and inner thigh

Note most injured vaginal delivery: S2-S4 pudendal nerve. Innervates external genitalia. Presents with bowel and bladder incontinence, perineal anesthesia.

52
Q

Responsible for central vision

A

Macula in occipital pole

  • PCA supplies occipital lobe, responsible for perceiving LATERAL visual field in both eyes
  • Meyer’s loop is the INFERIOR division of optic radiations as they pass through the temporal lobe. Supplied by MCA.
53
Q

Identify presentation of a CN 7 lesion (5)

A

1 dec taste sensation anterior 2/3 IPSI tongue - chorda tympani
2 retroauricular pain - sensory to small area of IPSI ear
3 IPSI facial paralysis - motor to muscles of facial expression
4 inc sensitivity to noise IPSI ear - NS to STAPEDIUS ms which normally prevents excessive movement of stapes
5 dryness IPSI eye and mouth - PNS to IPSI lacrimal gland, submandibular and sublingual gland

54
Q

Basal ganglia direct vs indirect pathway

Which is inhibitory?

A

INdirect pathway : INhibits movement

D1 receptor : D1rect pathway

  • D1rect pathway : D1 receptor : facilitates movement
  • INdirect pathway : INhibits movement : D2 receptor
  • Lentiform nucleus = put amen + globus pallidus
  • Striatum = putamen (motor) + caudate (cognitive)
  • recall nigroStriatal pathway
55
Q

Count up innervation of reflexes ankle, knee, biceps and triceps

A

ankle S1 2
knee L3 4
biceps L5 6
triceps L7 8

56
Q

AEGIS

A

Alpha fibers : extrafusal fibers

Gamma fibers : intrafusal fibers

Skeletal

57
Q

Pathway of muscle reflex

A

Muscle stretch -> intrafusal stretch -> stimulates Ia afferent -> stimulates alpha motor neuron -> reflex extrafusal contraction

58
Q

Site where arachnoid granulations transport CSF from subarachnoid space into the bloodstream

A

Superior Sagittarius sinus

  • site of defect in normal pressure hydrocephalus - “wet, wacky, wobbly”
59
Q

Innervated by radial nerve

Radial nerve innervates the BEST

A

Brachioradialis
Extensors of the wrist and fingers
Supinator
Triceps

60
Q

Raleased by Eosinophils

A

Major Basic Protein

Eosinophilia detected in NAACP

Neoplasia
Asthma
Allergies
Collagen disorder
Parasitic infections
61
Q

Level of horizontal fissure or right lung

A

Level of 4th rib anteriorly

  • separates right upper lobe from middle lobe
62
Q

Relation of pulmonary artery to the bronchus at each lung hills

“RALS”

A

Right anterior, Left superior

Pulmonary artery is anterior to bronchus at right

Pulmonary artery is superior to bronchus at left

63
Q

Why more aspiration in right lung

A

Right main stem bronchus is WIDER and more VERTICAL than left

64
Q

Cremaster reflex NS

A

L1-L2

  • most injured in hernia repair
  • defect: numbness of scrotum and inner thigh

Note most injured vaginal delivery: S2-S4 pudendal nerve. Innervates external genitalia. Presents with bowel and bladder incontinence, perineal anesthesia.

My board exam flashcards (18 decks)

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