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Physics paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the amplitude of a wave

A

The amplitude ( ) of a wave is the distance from the centre line (or the still position) to the top of a crest or to the bottom of a trough

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2
Q

What is the wave length

A

The distance between two adjacent waves at the same point

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3
Q

What is frequency

A

The number of complete waves passing a certain point a second
frequency is measured in Hz
1Hz is 1 wave per second

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4
Q

When a wave arrives at a boundary what three things could happen

A

Absorbed

Transmitted

Reflected

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5
Q

What happens if a wave is absorbed by a material

A

The energy of the wave is transferred to the materials energy stores

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6
Q

What happens if the wave is transmitted through a material

A

The waves carries on travelling through the material which often leads to refraction

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7
Q

What happens if a wave is reflected by a material

A

The wave hits a boundary and changes direction

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8
Q

What is Refraction

A

Waves changing direction at a boundary after hitting the boundary at an angle

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9
Q

What happens if the wave slows down

A

It bends closer to the normal

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10
Q

What happens if a wave speeds up

A

It bends away from the normal

Since speed increases and frequency is unchanged, the wavelength must increase.

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11
Q

What is optical density

A

Is a measure of how quickly light can go through a material

The higher the optical density, the slower the light travels through the material

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12
Q

What are the qualities of transverse waves

A

Oscillations/vibrations are perpendicular (at 90 degrees) to the direction of energy transfer

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13
Q

What are the qualities of longitudinal waves

A

Oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer

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14
Q

What type of wave are EM waves

A

Transverse

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15
Q

How do EM waves transfer energy

A

through vibrations of electric and magnetic fields

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16
Q

Why do EM waves have large ranges of frequencies

A

EM waves are generated by a variety of changes in atoms and their nuclei

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17
Q

What EM waves made up of

A

EM waves are made up of oscillating electric and magnetic charges

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18
Q

Why are Radio waves produced by AC current

A

AC are made up of oscillating charges. As the charges oscillate, they produce oscillating electric and magnetic fields i.e. radio waves/ EM waves

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19
Q

What is the object in which charges oscillate to produce radio waves called

A

A transmitter

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20
Q

Why can long radio waves be received even if they are not in the direct line of sight of the transmitter

A

Long radio waves diffract along the curvature of the Earth as well as around hills and other obstacles thus making it possible for them to be received

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21
Q

Why can short wave lengths be received from long distances

A

They are reflected off the ion sphere.

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22
Q

What is the disadvantage of TV and FM waves

A

They have very short wave lengths- So to get reception you must be in direct sight of the transmitter

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23
Q

What are the uses of microwaves

A

They are used in:

Satellites and microwaves

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24
Q

Why are microwaves used in satellites

A

Microwaves can easily pass through the Earths watery atmosphere

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25
Q

How are microwaves used in Microwave ovens

A

The microwaves are absorbed by the water molecules in the food- this then causes the water to heat up as it’s absorbed the energy of the microwave

The water molecules then transfer this energy to the rest of the molecules in the food by heating

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26
Q

What are the uses of infra-red radiation

A

it can be used to monitor temperature- The more warm an object the more infra-red radiation it emits

It can be used to heat objects up- the more infra red radiation an object absorbs the hotter it gets

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27
Q

How is visible light used to transmit data

A

Optical fibers carry data over long distances as pulses of lights

They work because light rays are bounced back and forth until they reach the end of the fibre

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28
Q

What is fluorescence

A

A property in which UV radiation is absorbed and visible light is emitted

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29
Q

How is UV radiation used

A

Sun beds

Fluorescent lights

Security pens

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30
Q

How are X-rays and Gamma rays used

A

X-rays images- X-rays easily pass through flesh but not so easily through denser materials such as bone or metal thus creating X-ray images

Radiotherapy- the use of gamma rays and x-rays to kill off cancer cells and treat people with cancer

A medical tracer- a gamma emitting source is injected into the patient- and its progress can be easily followed- gamma rays can easily pass through body and be detected

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31
Q

What are radiation doses measured in

A

Sieverts

1 sievert = 1000 milli sieverts

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32
Q

What factor determines what effect each type of radiation has on you

A

How much energy the wave transmits

Low frequency radio waves won’t cause much harm and easily pass through the body

High frequency waves such as UV, X-ray and gamma transmit a lot of energy thus causing a lot of damage in body

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33
Q

What factor determines what effect each type of radiation has on you

A

How much energy the wave transmits

Low frequency radio waves won’t cause much harm and easily pass through the body

High frequency waves such as UV, X-ray and gamma transmit a lot of energy thus causing a lot of damage in body

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34
Q

What happens to an objects as it cools down
(infrared radiation)

A

The object emits more infrared radiation than it absorbs as it cools down

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35
Q

What happens to an object as it heats up
(infrared radiation)

A

The object absorbs more infrared radiation than it emits as it warms up

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36
Q

What happens to objects that stay at a constant temperature (infrared radiation)

A

They absorb and emit infrared radiation at the same rate

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37
Q

What does the closeness of the lines in a magnetic field tell you about the magnetic field

A

It tells you the strength of the magnetic field

The closer the lines the stronger the magnetic field

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38
Q

Why do compass needles always point north

A

They always point north due to the fact that Earth generates its own magnetic field. This then shows that the core of the Earth must be magnetic

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39
Q

What are the two types of magnets

A

Permanent magnets and induced magnets

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40
Q

What are permanent magnets

A

Magnets that produce their own magnetic field

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41
Q

What are induced magnets

A

Magnetic materials that turn into magnets when they are in a magnetic field

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42
Q

The force between permanent and induced magnets is always

A

Attractive

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43
Q

What happens when a current flows through a wire (that is related to magnetic fields)

A

A magnetic field is produced around the wire

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44
Q

What happens when you change the direction of the current flowing through the wire (in relation to magnetic fields)

A

The direction of the magnetic field changes-Use right-hand thumb rule

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45
Q

What is the strength of the magnetic produced by a wire dependent on

A

The strength of the magnetic field is dependent on the amount of current flowing through the wire and how far away from the wire the magnetic field is

The larger the current or the closer the magnetic field is to the wire the stronger the magnetic field

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46
Q

How can you increase the strength of a magnetic field that is produced from a wire

A

You have to wrap the wire into a coil - the coil is then called a solenoid

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47
Q

What is a solenoid

A

A coil of wire

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48
Q

Why do solenoids have strong magnetic fields

A

A lot of field lines around each loop of the wire line up with each other. This leads to a lot of field lines pointing in the same direction that are very close to each other. Thus the closer the field lines the stronger the magnet

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49
Q

How can you increase the field strength of a solenoid

A

You can increase the strength of a solenoid even more by putting an iron rod at the center of the coil. Whenever the coil has current flowing through it the iron rod becomes an induced magnet

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50
Q

What is a solenoid with an iron core called

A

An electro magnet

51
Q

In the Flemings left hand rule what does the first finger represent

A

The direction of the field

52
Q

In the Flemings left hand rule what does the second finger represent

A

The direction of the current

53
Q

In the Flemings left hand rule what does the thumb represent

A

The direction of the force/motion

54
Q

What do vectors have

A

Vector quantities have direction and magnitude

55
Q

What do scalars have

A

Scalar quantities only have magnitude

56
Q

What are some examples of Vector quantities

A

Force, velocity, displacement, acceleration, momentum

57
Q

What are some examples of scalar quantities

A

speed, distance, mass, temperature, time

58
Q

What is a force

A

A force is a push or a pull on an object that is caused by it interacting with something

59
Q

What is a contact force

A

A contact force is any force that occurs as a result of two objects making contact with each other.

60
Q

What is a non-contact force

A

A non-contact force is a force that doesn’t need two objects touching each other to act

61
Q

What is gravitational force

A

The force of attraction between masses

62
Q

What are the two important effects that is caused by gravitational force

A

On the surface of the planet, it makes all things fall towards the ground

It gives everything a weight

63
Q

What is weight

A

Weight is the force acting upon an object due to gravity

64
Q

What is mass

A

The amount of stuff in an object

65
Q

What does the weight of an object depend on

A

The gravitational field strength of a location

66
Q

Is mass a force

A

No

67
Q

What is the formula that links mass and weight

A

Weight= Mass X Gravitational field strength

68
Q

What is a resultant force

A

The overall force on a point or object

69
Q

What happens when a force moves an object through a distance

A

Energy is transferred and work is done

70
Q

How do the force show if an object is at equilibrium

A

If the forces are balanced the the onject is at equlibrium

71
Q

What is a change in a shape called

A

deformation

72
Q

What may happen if you apply a force to an object

A

You may cause the object to stretch, compress or bend

73
Q

How many forces would you need to physically deform an object

A

You would need more than one force as if you just applied one force to an object the object would move in the direction of the force and not get deformed

74
Q

What is elastic deformation

A

Elastic deformation is when an object is able to return to its original shape after the force has been removed

75
Q

What is inelastic deformation

A

Inelastic deformation is when an object doesn’t return to it’s original shape after the force has been removed

76
Q

What is the extension of a stretched spring directly proportional to

A

The extension is directly proportional to force but this stops working if the force is great enough

77
Q

What is the limit of proportionality

A

The maximum force before the force becomes too great and in no longer proportional to extension.

On force extension graphs this is seen as the start of a curve

78
Q

What equipment do you need to investigate the link between force and extension

A

Clamp

Fixed ruled on clamp

a spring

a hanging mass

A weighted stand

79
Q

What is the method to investigate the link between force and extension

A

measure natural length of spring with millimeter ruler clamped on stand at eye level. To make the reading more accurate add a market at end of spring

Add a mass to the spring and allow it to come to rest. Measure the mass and new length of spring. The extension is the length of new spring minus the length of the spring without any mass.

repeat last step with more masses added on each time until you have enough data

80
Q

What is distance

A

How far an object has moved

Scalar quantity

81
Q

What is displacement

A

it measure the distance and direction in a straight line from an objects starting point to it’s finishing point

82
Q

What is speed

A

Speed is how fast your going

83
Q

What is velocity

A

The speed of something in a given direction

84
Q

What is the average speed of a person walking

A

1.5m/s

85
Q

What is the average speed of running

A

3m/s

86
Q

What is the average speed of cycling

A

6m/s

87
Q

What is the average speed of a car

A

25m/s

88
Q

What is the average speed of a train

A

55m/s

89
Q

What is the average speed of a plane

A

250m/s

90
Q

What is acceleration

A

Change in velocity in a certain amount of time

91
Q

What does uniform acceleration mean

A

Constant acceleration

92
Q

What is the acceleration due to gravity for all objects in free fall

A

9.8m/s squared- same value as gravitational field strength

93
Q

What does the gradient show in distance-time graphs

A

speed- the steeper the graph the higher the speed

94
Q

What do curves represent in distance-time graphs

A

Acceleration/ Deacceleration

A steepening curve means its speeding up

A leveling off curve means its slowing down

95
Q

What does the gradient in a velocity-time graph represent

A

Acceleration

96
Q

What doe flat sections in a velocity-time graph represent

A

travelling at a steady speed

97
Q

What does the steepness of the graph tell you about the acceleration

A

The steeper the graph the greater the acceleration or deacceleration

98
Q

What does a curve in a velocity time graph represent

A

changing acceleration

99
Q

What does the area under the velocity-time graph represent

A

distance travelled

100
Q

What is drag

A

The resistance you get in fluid (a gas or a liquid) this means that air resistance is a type of drag

101
Q

What is air resistance

A

A type of drag where the frictional force is produced by the air acting on a moving object

102
Q

What is the important factor in reducing drag

A

Making sure the shape of the object is streamlined

103
Q

What typically happens to terminal velocity of an object if its less streamlined/ more surface area

A

The terminal velocity will lower

104
Q

What happens if the resultant force of a stationary object is zero

A

The stationary object will stay still

105
Q

What happens if the resultant force of a moving object is zero

A

The moving object will carry on moving at the same velocity, speed and direction

106
Q

What is newtons first law of motion

A

an object remains in the same state of motion unless a resultant force acts on it. If the resultant force on an object is zero, this means:
a stationary object stays stationary

a moving object continues to move at the same velocity (at the same speed and in the same direction)

107
Q

What is the formula that describe newtons second law of motion

A

Force = Mass X Acceleration

108
Q

What is inertia

A

The tendency to continue in the same state of motion is called inertia.

109
Q

What is Newtons third law

A

When two objects interact the forces they exert upon each other are equal and opposite

110
Q

What is thinking distance

A

how far the car travels during the drivers reaction times

111
Q

What is the braking distance

A

The distance taken to stop under the force applied by the brakes

112
Q

What factors affect thinking distance

A

the speed you are travelling at- faster your going the further you go during time you take to react

your reaction time

113
Q

What factors affect stopping distance

A

The speed your travelling at- the faster your travelling the longer it takes to stop

The weather or road surface- if the road is icy or wet (reduces friction)

The condition of tires- if the tyres of the vehicle don’t have a tread left then they cannot get rid of water in wet conditions. Which leads to them skidding

How good your brakes are- if brake or worn or faulty wont be able to appl as much force.

114
Q

What happens to the momentum before and after an event in a closed system

A

In a closed system the total momentum before an event is the same as after an event. This is called the conservation of mass

115
Q

What is a method to investigate how force affect acceleration

A

Set up a trolley so it holds a piece of card with a gap in the middle that will interrupt the signal of the light gate twice. Measure the length of each bit of the card that will pass through the light gate and in put this into the software. The light gate can use this to measure the velocity of each bit of card it can then use this information to to figure out the acceleration of the trolley

Connect the trolley to a string that goes over a pulley to a hook that you know the mass of and you can easily add more weights to you

The weight of the hook and any masses accelerates both the trolley and the masses so you are investigating the acceleration of the system (the trolley and the masses together)

Mark a starting line on the table the trolley is on, so the trolley always travels the same distance to the light gate

Place the trolley on the starting line while making sure the string is taught by letting the hook and masses hang. Then let go.

Record the acceleration measured by the light gate and repeat the last step so you can calculate an average acceleration

116
Q

What is a method to investigate how mass affect acceleration

A

Set up a trolley so it holds a piece of card with a gap in the middle that will interrupt the signal of the light gate twice. Measure the length of each bit of the card that will pass through the light gate and in put this into the software. The light gate can use this to measure the velocity of each bit of card it can then use this information to to figure out the acceleration of the trolley

Connect the trolley to a string that goes over a pulley to a hook that you know the mass of and you can easily add more weights to it

Then to investigate the mass you progressively add more masses to the trolley each time you repeat the experiment

Don’t add masses to the hook as that would just increase the force

Then draw a starting line on the flat surface where you are doing the experiment to make sure the trolley always travels the same distance

Make sure the string is taught and then let go

Record the acceleration measured by the light gate and repeat the experiment so you can get an average acceleration

Then do the experiment again but with more mass on the trolley and repeat until you have the average acceleration of the trolley with all your masses.

117
Q

What is the wave length of radio waves

A

1m- 10 to the power of 4 m

118
Q

What is the wave length of micro waves

A

10 to the power of -2 meters

119
Q

What is the wave length of infra red waves

A

10 to the power of -5 meters

120
Q

What is the wave length of visible light

A

10 to the -7 meters

121
Q

What is the wave length of ultra violet light

A

10 to the -8 meters

122
Q

What is the wave length of X-rays

A

10 to the -10 meters

123
Q

What is the wave length of gamma rays

A

10 to the -15 meters

Revision (18 decks)

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