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Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to the electrons of metallic bonding

A

The electrons in the outershelll are delocalised

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2
Q

What is metallic bonding

A

Strong forces of electrostatic attraction between positive metal ions and the shared negative electrons

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3
Q

What does equilibrium mean

A

when both reactions are happening so they affectively cancel each other out

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4
Q

What is a reversible reaction

A

a reversible reaction is when the products of the reaction can be used to create the reactants.

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5
Q

What is Potable water

A

Water that is safe to drink

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6
Q

Name the first 10 alkanes in order

A

methane
ethane
propane
butane
Pentane
Hexane
Heptane
Octane
Nonane
Decane

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7
Q

What are hydrocarbons

A

Compounds that are made up of the elements hydrogen and carbon only

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8
Q

What is the general formula for an alkane

A

CnH2n+2

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9
Q

What bonds are Alkanes held together by

A

single bonds

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10
Q

What qualities do long chain hydrocarbons have

A

they have high melting points due to strong inter-molecular forces

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11
Q

What qualities do short chain hydrocarbons have

A

they have low melting points due to weak intermolecular forces

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12
Q

How is crude oil is processed

A

crude oil is separated using a technique called fractional distillation

The equipment used to separate crude oil is a fractional column

the column is hot at the bottom and cold at the top

this means that short chain hydrocarbons evaporate at the bottom and then condense back into liquid at the top

while long chain hydro carbons are left at the bottom

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13
Q

What is Cracking

A

an example of thermal decomposition where long chain hydrocarbons are broken down into smaller ones

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14
Q

What are the products of cracking a long chain hydrocarbon

A

a short chain alkane and an alkene

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15
Q

What are Alkenes

A

a different form of hydrocarbons that is double bonded

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16
Q

What is the formula for alkenes

A

CnH2n

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17
Q

What are alkenes used for

A

Alkenes are used to make polymers such as polyethene and polypropene

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18
Q

What is polyethene used for

A

plastic bags
bottles
dustbins

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19
Q

What is polypropene used for

A

it is used to make tough plastics

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20
Q

What happens when an alkane is added to bromine

A

it doesn’t change colour.

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21
Q

Why does Bromine not change colour when an alkane is added to it

A

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons so they don’t have double bonds that can be broken to accept bromine molecules

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22
Q

What happens when an Alkene is added to bromine

A

The bromine goes colourless

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23
Q

Why does bromine go colourless when an alkene is added to it

A

Alkenes are an unsaturated hydrocarbon so they have double bonds which can be broken to accept the bromine molecules

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24
Q

What properties do Short-chain hydrocarbons have

A

Less flammable compared to long chain molecules
It easily flows
has a low boiling point

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25
Q

What properties do long-chain hydro-carbons have

A

more flammable compared to short chain
viscous
high boiling point

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26
Q

What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O > C6H12O6 + 6O2

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27
Q

How did Carbon dioxide levels decrease during the early atmosphere

A

Water vapour condensed into oceans and seas

Carbon dioxide from the early atmosphere dissolved into the oceans and seas

thus decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

28
Q

What is the greenhouse effect

A

the process in which greenhouse gases trap heat from the sun and reflect it back onto the Earth

29
Q

What is causing the Greenhouse effect to be stronger

A

As we burn fossil fuels green house gases such as carbon dioxide are released into that atmosphere which causes the green house effect to be stronger

30
Q

What are some examples of green house gases

A

Methane
Water vapour
Carbon dioxide

31
Q

How is acid rain caused

A

When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in rainwater it causes it to be more acidic thus causing acid rain

32
Q

What are some examples of atmospheric pollutants

A

carbon monoxide,
lead,
nitrogen oxides
particle pollution
sulphur oxides.

33
Q

What is the Haber process

A

the process which allowed the synthetic production of fertilisers

34
Q

How is wastewater treated

A

Step1: it is screened for any large debris such as sticks and stones

Step2: it is put into a settlement tank so all heavier solids sink to the bottom

step3:the waste water(effluent) is transferred to another tank where all the organic matter undergoes aerobic digestion

step4: the water though not safe for consumption can be released back into the environment

35
Q

What are the advantages of recycling

A

Save finite resources
save energy
greenhouse gases shall reduce

36
Q

What are the disadvantages of recycling

A

recycling items takes fuel and energy

materials such as metals can be difficult to sort and in turn recycle without expending a lot of energy

37
Q

What is Phytomining

A

The process in wich plants are used to extract metal compounds from the ground

38
Q

What is bioleaching

A

the process in which bacteria are used to extract metals from the ground

39
Q

How is copper processed in bioleaching

A

bacteria are used to extract copper ions from low grade copper ores. During this process, bacteria convert copper compounds within ores into solution. These copper compound solutions are called the leachate

The copper in the leachate goes under a displacement reaction with iron

40
Q

How are the metals in phytomining processed

A

the metal compounds build up in the leaves of the plant

the plants leaves are dried then turned into ash

ash dissolved in either hydrochloric or sulphuric acid and then displaced with iron using electrolysis

41
Q

What are the stages of the Life cycle assessment

A

stage 1: extracting raw materials needed to make product and then processing them

Stage 2: manufacturing and packaging product

Stage 3: use of the product during its lifetime

stage 4: disposal at the end of a products life

42
Q

What is Le chateliers principle

A

That if you change the conditions of a reversible reaction at equilibrium the system will try and counteract the change

43
Q

In accordance with Le Chateliers principle what happens if you change the temperature

A

If you decrease the temperature the equilibrium will move in the exothermic direction to increase the temperature

If you increase the temperature the equilibrium will move in the endothermic direction of the reaction producing less heat

44
Q

In accordance with Le Chateliers principle what happens if you change the pressure

A

Changing pressure only affects equilibriums with gases

If you increase the pressure the equilibrium will decrease the pressure by moving to an area with few gas molecules/ producing gas that has less molecules

If you decrease the pressure the equilibrium will increase the pressure by moving to an area with a high amount of gas molecules/ producing gas that has more molecules

45
Q

In accordance with Le Chateliers principle what happens if you change the concentration

A

If you increase concentration of reactants more products are produced

if you decrease concentration of reactants the amount of products will also decrease

46
Q

What is the formula for methane

A

CH4

47
Q

What is the formula for Ethane

A

C2H6

48
Q

What is the formula for Propane

A

C3H8

49
Q

What is the formula for Butane

A

C4H10

50
Q

In chemistry what is a pure substance

A

A substance that only contains one element or compound throughout

51
Q

What does the boiling/melting point of a substance tell about a substance

A

A chemically pure substance will melt or boil at a specific temperature

impurities in sample will decrease the melting point and increase the melting range

impurities in sample will increase the boiling point

52
Q

What is the test for Chlorine

A

Chlorine bleaches damp litmus paper

if you use blue litmus paper it may turn red as the chlorine solution is acidic

53
Q

What is the test for oxygen

A

if you put glowing splint in test tube filled with oxygen the oxygen will relight the splint

54
Q

What is the test for carbon dioxide

A

Bubbling carbon dioxide into a solution of calcium hydroxide (lime water) will cause it to go cloudy

55
Q

What is the test for hydrogen

A

if you hold a burning splint over a test tube filled with hydrogen a squeaky pop will be heard

56
Q

What is the mobile phase of Chromatography

A

Where the molecules can move. This is always a liquid or gas

57
Q

What is the stationary phase of chromatography

A

Where the molecules cant move. This can be a solid or a really thick liquid

58
Q

What is the stationary phase of chromatography

A

Where the molecules cant move. This can be a solid or a really thick liquid

59
Q

What factors determine how quickly a chemical moves in chromatography

A

How quickly a chemical moves depends on which phase it spends the most time in

for example if a chemical spends more time in the mobile phase then it will move further through the stationary phase.

60
Q

What are the steps of chromatography

A

Draw a line near the bottom of the filter paper with a pencil

add a spot of ink on the line and place the sheet in a beaker of solvent e.g. water

The solvent used depends on what’s being tested. some compounds dissolve well in water some don’t so in turn we may have to use ethanol

Make sure ink isn’t touching solvent

Place a lid on top of beaker to stop solvent from evaporating

The solvent seeps up the paper, carrying the ink with it

As the ink moves up the dyes in the ink will separate forming spots along the sheet representing each dye

insoluble dyes will stay at the base line

when the solvent reaches top of filter paper take paper out and leave it to dry

The end result is called a chromatogram

61
Q

What is the RF value dependent on

A

The type of solvent used

62
Q

How did Volcanic activity contribute to the growth of our atmosphere

A

Volcanic activity released nitrogen and carbon dioxide as well as water vapor while also releasing small amounts of methane and ammonia

63
Q

How did the oceans, algae and green plants contribute to our atmosphere

A

Lots of carbon dioxide was dissolved into the oceans and after a series of reactions formed carbonate precipitates that formed the sediments on the seabed

Algae and green plants absorbed CO2 to carry out photosynthesis

64
Q

How did algae and green plants contribute to our atmosphere

A

They carried out photosynthesis decreasing the amount of CO2 and increasing the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere.

65
Q

How do greenhouse gases induce climate change

A

Green house gases don’t absorb the short wave radiation from the sun but instead the long wave radiation that gets reflected back off the earth

They green house gases then reflect that long wave radiation back onto Earth constantly

Since long wave radiation is thermal radiation it will heat up the Earth when its reflected back onto Earth

Thus global warming

66
Q

What are the negatives of bioleaching

A

it produces toxic substances, including sulfuric acid, which damage the environment.

Revision (18 decks)

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