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Biology Flashcards

1
Q

what is a specialized cell

A

cells designed to carry out a particular role in the body,

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2
Q

what is differentiation

A

the process by which a cell changes to become more specialised for its job

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3
Q

what happens to the ability of differentiation to an animal cell when it gets older

A

it is lost

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4
Q

what are stem cells in already mature animals used for

A

to repair and replace cells

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5
Q

which cells are usually replaced or repaired in animals

A

blood and skin cells

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6
Q

what is the difference between adult and embryonic stem cells

A

adult stem cell ability to differentiate is limited while an embryonic stem cells ability is not

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7
Q

where in plants are stem cells found

A

the meristem

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8
Q

what can plant stem cells do that animal stem cells can’t

A

they can differentiate throughout their whole life

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9
Q

what can these plant stem cells be used for

A

they can grow more plants of rare species
they can be used to produce plant clones quickly and cheaply
grow plants with more desired features

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10
Q

What are chromosomes

A

coiled up lengths of DNA

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11
Q

what do chromosomes carry

A

genes

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12
Q

what do genes control

A

development of different characteristics

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13
Q

how many chromosomes are there

A

23

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14
Q

how many copies of each chromosome does each body cell have

A

2

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15
Q

what are the stages of the cell cycle

A

Growth and DNA Replication
Mitosis

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16
Q

what happens in a cell that’s dividing

A

it increases the amount of sub-cellular structures E.G. Mitochondria and ribosomes

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17
Q

what happens to the DNA in a cell that’s dividing

A

it gets duplicated so there’s on copy for each new cell

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18
Q

what happens to the cell in mitosis

A

1.chromosome’s move to centre of cell

2.cell fibres pull them apart

3.two arms of each chromosome go to opposite ends

4.membranes form around each chromosome

  1. each set of chromosomes become nucleuses
  2. cytoplasm and cell membrane divide
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19
Q

what controls the rate of chemical reactions

A

enzymes

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20
Q

what are enzymes

A

Biological catalysts

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21
Q

How do enzymes work

A

they work using the lock and key method
the enzyme has an active site
substrate fits into active site
substrate splits into products which leave the active site
enzyme ready to use

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22
Q

how were drugs traditionally obtained

A

plants or microorganisms known as moulds

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23
Q

examples of drugs from plants

A

digitalis
digoxin
aspirin

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24
Q

what is digitalis and digoxin used for

A

strengthen heartbeat

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25
Q

how are most drugs made now

A

most are synthesised in a lab by chemists

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26
Q

What is the purpose of the nervous system

A

To detect and respond to stimuli

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27
Q

What organs are in the central nervous system

A

the spinal cord and the brain

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28
Q

What are sensory neurones

A

The neurones that carry electrical impulses from the receptors to the central nervous system

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29
Q

What are motor neurones

A

neurones that carry electrical impulses from central nervous system to the effectors

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30
Q

What are effectors

A

all the muscles and glands that respond to nervous impulses

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31
Q

What are receptors

A

Cells that detect stimuli

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32
Q

What receptors are in the eye

A

light receptors

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33
Q

What is the connection between two neurones called

A

synapse

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34
Q

How is the nerve signal transferred between two neurones

A

chemicals diffuse across the gap
chemicals set off new signal once reached other neurone

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35
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical messengers that travel in the blood that target specific organs

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36
Q

What qualities do hormones have

A

slower effects
the effects last for a long time
the effects act in a more general way

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37
Q

What qualities do nerves have

A

the effects are quicker
the effects last for a short amount of time
the effects act on a precise area

38
Q

What are some examples of endocrine glands

A

pituitary gland
ovaries
thyroid
testes
adrenal gland
pancreas

39
Q

What hormone do the ovaries produce

A

oestrogen

40
Q

How does oestrogen affect the body

A

causes the lining of the uterus to grow
stimulates the release of LH
Inhibits the release of FSH

41
Q

How does FSH affect the body

A

causes egg to mature in follicle
stimulates ovaries into producing oestrogen

42
Q

Where is FSH produced

A

pituitary gland

43
Q

How does LH affect the body

A

stimulates the release of an egg at day 14

44
Q

Where is LH produced

A

produced by the pituitary gland

45
Q

How does progesterone affect the body

A

maintains lining of uterus during the second half of the cycle
inhibits the release of LH and FSH

46
Q

What hormone does the thyroid produce

A

thyroxine

47
Q

How does thyroxine affect the body

A

thyroxine regulates metabolism
stimulation of protein synthesis for development

48
Q

What hormone does the adrenal gland produce

A

adrenaline

49
Q

How does adrenaline affect the body

A

puts you into flight or fight mode

50
Q

What hormones are produced by the pancreas

A

insulin and glucagon

51
Q

How does insulin affect the body

A

reduces the amount of glucose in the blood

52
Q

How does glucagon affect the body

A

increases the amount of glucose in the blood

53
Q

how does insulin remove glucose from the blood stream

A

it causes excess glucose to move from the blood to the liver and muscle cells by telling all cells to absorb glucose which is then stored as glycogen

54
Q

How does glucagon add glucose to the blood stream

A

causes stored glycogen in the liver and muscle cells to be converted back to glucose and move back into the bloodstream

55
Q

What does genotype mean

A

The genotype is the collection of alleles that determine an organism’s characteristics.

56
Q

what does phenotype mean

A

the phenotype is the physical characteristics that an organism displays

57
Q

What is it called when someone has two different alleles

A

Heterozygous

58
Q

what is it called when someone has two alleles that are the same

A

homozygous

59
Q

What is an Allele

A

A variation of a gene

60
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The process of maintaining a stable internal environment

61
Q

What is meiosis

A

the cell division in which gametes are produced

62
Q

What are the steps of Meiosis

A

Chromosomes are duplicated and then arrange themselves in pair

first division - chromosomes line up at centre of cell in pairs then are pulled apart so each new cell only has one copy of each chromosome- the cell has some of the fathers and some of the mothers chromosomes

second division - chromosomes line up at centre of cell and are then pulled apart at the arms to create 4 new gametes

63
Q

How is Meiosis different from Mitosis

A

You get four gametes

gametes are genetically different from each other

Each only have half the amount of chromosomes

64
Q

What is Active transport

A

The process in which molecules move from an area of high concentration move to an area of low concentration across a cell membrane

65
Q

What is the disadvantage of Active transport

A

It requires energy from the cell to work.

66
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system contain

A

All the nerve cells that carry information to or from the CNS

67
Q

What things do all control systems need

A

Receptors

Coordination centers- brain, spinal cord, pancreas- they receive and process information around the body

Effectors

68
Q

What is another name for nerve cells

A

Neurones

69
Q

What is a bundle of neurones called

A

A nerve

70
Q

What are the three main types of neurons

A

Sensory, Motor, Relay

71
Q

What is the nerve path from an Receptor to an Effector

A

Receptor–> sensory neurone–> relay neurone–> CNS–> relay neurone–> Motor neurone–> effector

72
Q

What are sensory organs

A

Sensory organs are organs that contain receptors that respond to specific stimuli

73
Q

What are some examples of sensory organs and their stimuli’s

A

Skin- touch, pain, temp

Tongue- chemicals in food and drink

Nose- chemicals in air

Eye- light

Ears- sound and position of head

74
Q

What is a reflex action

A

Automatic and rapid response to a stimulus

75
Q

What is a reflex arc

A

The nerve pathway followed by a reflex action

76
Q

Where are relay neurons located

A

The spinal cord

77
Q

How do your automatic control systems keep your internal environment stable

A

They keep our internal environment stable through a mechanism called negative feedback

78
Q

What is negative feedback

A

When the level of something in the body gets too high or low the body will get the effectors to produce a response to counteract the change and restore the optimum level of the thing

79
Q

What is type 1 diabetes

A

When the pancreas produces little to no insulin

80
Q

What is type 2 diabetes

A

When a person becomes resistant to their own insulin- body produces insulin but cells don’t respond properly to hormone

81
Q

What is the development of new species called

A

Speciation

82
Q

What is the main problem of selective breeding

A

it reduces the gene pool- could lead to inbreeding + less variation in genes in population

83
Q

What are the steps of genetic engineering

A

A useful gene is isolated from one organisms genome using enzymes and is inserted into a vector

The vector is usually a virus or bacterial plasmid depending on the type of organism that the gene is being transferred to

When the vector is introduced to the target organism, the useful gene is inserted into its cells

84
Q

Who proposed the three domain system

A

Carl Woese

85
Q

When was the three domain system proposed

A

1990

86
Q

What are the three domains of the three domain system

A

Archaea- primitive bacteria- a group of micro-organisms that are similar to, but evolutionarily distinct from bacteria.

Bacteria- true bacteria- often look like Archaea but have lots of different biomechanical processes

Eukaryotes-organisms whose cell has a nucleus- fungi, plants, animals and protists(single celled eukaryotes)

87
Q

In the Linnaean system how are animals separated/ grouped

A

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

88
Q

What are abiotic factors

A

Factors that are not alive

89
Q

What are biotic factors

A

Factors that are alive

90
Q

What are some examples of abiotic factors

A

Moisture level
light intensity
Temperature
Carbon dioxide level

91
Q

What are some examples of biotic features

A

New predators
increase in competition
new pathogens

Revision (18 decks)

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