History-Medicine Flashcards
who was louis Pasteur
the man who developed Germ theory
How did he develop Germ theory
French gov asked Pasteur to investigate why beer and wine went sour
Pasteur’s solution was to heat drinks briefly to kill off bacteria
As a result Pasteur believed germs from the air were causing the drinks to go sour and in the same way germs might be entering humans and making them sick
when was Germ theory published
1861
How did he prove Germ theory
he was called in to help at a silk farm
disease was killing silk worms
proved that disease was being spread by air
what were the short term impacts of Pasteur’s discovery
Robert Koch was the first individual to link a singular bacteria to a disease
Joseph Lister used carbolic spray to perform first anti septic surgery
once bacteria’s are identified vaccines can be developed
what were the long term impacts of Pasteur’s discovery
new treatments were made-
1800’s first chemical drugs
1930’s first antibiotic was made-penicillin
Improved public health-
his discovery encouraged govs and councils to keep streets clean, build sewers and provide clean water
what were the three breakthroughs Koch made
Linking bacteria to specific diseases- investigated anthrax- disease infecting animals- discovered specific bacterium that caused it
making it easier to study bacteria by staining them
studying human disease discovered the bacterium’s that caused tuberculosis and cholera
how did Pasteur discover how to make vaccines
Pasteur had member on his team - Charles Chamberland and told him to inoculate a batch of his chicken’s with cholera
Charles forgot do that and left the bacteria to weaken over the summer
returned after the summer inoculated the chicken with weakened bacteria
chicken survived
what other vaccines did Pasteur make
Rabies
anthrax
when did Paul Ehrlich make the first chemical cure
1909
what was the first chemical cure called
Salvarsan 606
what was the first chemical cure used against
syphillis
who made the first chemical cure
Paul Ehrlich
what was used before Paul Ehrlich discovered Salvarsan 606 to kill syphilis
Mercury -dangerous and ineffective
what did Paul Ehrlich refer to Salvarsan 606 as
magic bullet
when was the second magic bullet made
1930s
who made the second magic bullet
Gerhard Domagk
what was the second magic bullet called
prontosil
why did people like Galen’s books
covered every aspect of medicine
detailed
well organised
how long did doctors follow Galens ideas
1500years
what did Hippocrates think caused people to be sick
un balancement of the four humours
what did Hippocrates teach doctors to do when examining patients
examine patients carefully
keep detailed note of symptoms
what did Galen believe caused people to get sick
their humours were out of balance
what was Galens new idea
the theory of opposites
what was the Theory of Opposites
the use of opposites to balance the humours
Too much phlegm caused by cold eat spicy food to balance it
what were Galen’s discoveries in anatomy
the brain controlled speech not the heart
The arteries not just the veins carried blood around the body
Who was Al-Zahrwari
well known Islamic expert in surgery
produced a book covering complex abdominal operations and 200 illustrations of surgical equipment
What were three problems surgeons faced
pain- surgeons had to remove limbs or bladder stones without pain relief to the patient
Infection
Bleeding
what were used to clean wounds
wine vinegar and honey
when did Vesalius publish the fabric of the human body
1543
what did Vesalius prove that shows Galen made some mistakes
Human jaw bone made from one bones not two
breast bone is made of three parts not seven
blood does not flow through the heart to the septum through invisible holes
what did Vesalius encourage
for doctors to carry out their own dissections
what was good about the the fabric of the human Body
it had very detailed illustrations showing the body in far more detail
what was Vesalius’s short term impact
His book improved Knowledge about anatomy around Europe
helped change attitudes of doctors-made them realise there was more to learn
helped change training-more dissections on humans
triggered more research into anatomy-one of his students Falloppio made book about structure of human skull and ear
what was Vesalius’s long term impact
gradually other doctors started to challenge traditional ideas
his insistence on enquiry was turning point- by late 1600s students were encouraged to find things by themselves
How has the printing press improved knowledge of anatomy
mass printing of books led to mass sharing of knowledge
who invented the printing press
Johannes Gutenberg
when was the printing press invented
1436
Why was William Harvey significant
he proved that the heart pumps blood around the body
the body has a one way system for blood
how did he prove that hearts pump blood around the body
he figured out that each hour three times the weight of mans worth of blood was pumped around the heart
what was the short term affects of William Harvey’s discovery
they were only gradually accepted- only after 50 years were Harvey’s ideas taught instead of Galen’s
what were the long term affects of William Harvey’s discovery’s
many areas of medicine such as heart surgery or injections need to understand how blood flows.
what were the ingredients used in Amboise Pare’s ointment
egg yolks, rose oil, turpentine,
Instead of cauterisation what did ambroise pare experiment with to close wounds
ligatures
what are the pros of ligatures
they’re not painful
what are the cons of ligatures
before the invention of antiseptics 300 years later ligatures could cause infections
How many kinds of false limbs did pare make
20
What did people believe caused illness in medieval England
Astrology- alignment of planets and stars
Star charts- could be consulted by looking at when a patient was born and when they fell ill
The church taught that illness was punishment from God
Illness was caused by peoples sins
The four humours were unbalanced
blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile
miasma
What time period was medieval England in
1250-1500
What methods to prevent disease in medeival england were used by the Church
Prayer
fasting
flagellation
Pilgrimage
What was regiment sanitatis
a set of instructions handed to the ill in medeival England to provide help to a patient about how to look after their health
for example: clean yourself, exercise and sleep well
What were some medeival methods of treating illness
Blood letting
Purging- patient was made to vomit with an emetic
Herbal remedies such as aloe and chamomile were commonly used
religious practices such as prayer
how many hospitals were owned by the church in medeival times
30%
how many hospitals were there by 1500
1,100
What was the main focus of hospitals in medeival times
to take care of the sick but not treat them
the sick were cared for by monks and nuns
When was the black death
1346 – 1352
what were the believed causes of the black death
punishment for sins
unusual alignment of planets
imbalance of four humours
miasma
What was are some examples of prevention for the black death
prayer and church professions
flagellants whipped themselves
people carried herbs and flowers
quarantine laws
What are some examples of treatment for the black death
prayer and confession
bleeding/purging
using herbs/ fire to remove bad air
lancing the buboes
How many mistakes did Vesalius find in Galens works
300 for example he found out that the jaw bone is one not two
What are some examples of what people in the medical renaissance thought caused the great plague
Astrology
a punishment from god
the imbalancement of the four humours
miasma
and transference from one person to another
When did the great plague start and end
1665-1666
What were some ways to prevent/treat the great plague
prayers were used
quarantine of victims
carrying a pomander to drive away miasma
fasting
plague doctors with bird-like masks with herbs in them
local authorities banned public meetings, closed theatres and organised mass killings of stray cats and dogs
what ideas about the causes of illnesses and diseases still existed during the medical renaissance from the medeival era
the miasma theory
the church continued to have an influence during epidemics
What ideas about the cause of illness have changed in the medical renaissance (1500-1700)
most people did not believe god has sent disease
theory of four humours had been discredited by physicians
printing press allowed the spread of books that criticised Galen
urine analysis ended
what methods of preventing illness stayed the same in the medical renaissance (1500-1700)
Regimen sanitasis was still followed by people
what methods of preventing illness changed in the medical renaissance (1500-1700)
people would relocate to avoid illness
How did methods of treating illness stay the same in the medical renaissance (1500 - 1700)
bloodletting continued
people who could not afford physicians were treated by apothecaries and surgeons
herbal remedies were still used
how did methods of treating illness change in the medical renaissance (1400-1700)
printing press meant that new book & treatments became available
How did care of the sick stay the same in the medical renaissance (1500-1700)
Women cared for those who did not go to hospital
physicians generally still trained from Galens’ books
How did care and treatment of the sick change during the medical renaissance (1400-1700)
hospitals would treat people with curable illnesses and wounds
specialised hospitals emerged E.G. pest houses, plague houses pox houses
medical training- apothecaries and surgeons were better educated
printing press meant that new books & treatments became available
What ideas about the cause illness stayed the same during the 1700 till the 1900
many still believed in miasma
What ideas about the cause of illness changed during the 1700s till he 1900s
scientific thinking led to germ theory which changed ideas about the cause of illness
What was spontaneous generation theory
Dr Henry Bastion could see microbes on decaying matter- thought that the decay created the microbes out of thin air- believed till 1870s
What were some methods to prevent disease in the 18th and 19th century
Vaccinations-the small pox vaccinations was made mandatory in the vaccination act 1853
Public Health act: scientific evidence and Chadwick’s report in 1842 about the life of the working class led to government taking more thought and care with public health
the first act of 1848 recommended boards of Health
in 1875- cities were forced to provide clean water, dispose of sewage, build public toilets and create street lighting.
When was small pox completely eradicated world wide
1980
When was the anti vaccine society set up
1866
What were some methods of treating disease and illness from the 1700s till the 1900s
1847- Simpson discovers Chloroform
1848- Hannah Greener dies of overdose in operation
1853- queen Elizabeth uses chloroform to birth her son which gives Chloroform the royal seal of approval
Lister used carbolic spray to overcome infection in surgery by cleaning tools and wounds- antiseptic surgery
What were some methods of taking care of the sick in the 18th and 19th century
hospitals- more were treated in sanitary conditions
Florence Nightingale campaigned for cleaner hospitals and improved training after her work in the Crimean war
1860- the nightingale School for nurses opens
who was Florence Nightingale
A trained nurse who improved hospital conditions first in the Crimean war
Why was Florence Nightingale significant
In 1860, she used her money to establish the Nightingale Training School for Nurses at St. Thomas Hospital in London.
her cleaner hospitals saw the death rate fall from 40% to 2%
Who was James Simpson
The surgeon who discovered chloroform and its anaesthetic properties in November 8 1847
Who was Joseph Lister
Discovered the antiseptic properties of carbolic spray in 1867
soaked bandages, hands and wounds in carbolic acid to remove germs- stopped gangrene from spreading
Who were Howard Walter Florey and Ernst Boris Chain
developed Flemings work on penicillin by successfully purifying penicillin from an extract from the mold
Florey and Chain injected eight mice with a lethal suspension of bacteria. Four were also given penicillin. The penicillin recipients survived, while the rest died, providing definitive proof that penicillin worked against serious bacterial infection.
in 1941 they proved it worked on a Human patient suffering from blood poisoning
USA funded the production of penicillin throughout WW2
What are some modern methods of preventing disease and illness
Vaccinations are made compulsory - diphtheria vaccine 1942
Genes are identified to help prevent certain diseases- remove breasts if gene linked to breast cancer is identified
What are some pieces of legislation that prevent illness and disease
the clean air act of 1956 & 1958- prevent smog and air pollution
2006 health act- illegal to smoke in enclosed workplaces
Health and Social Care Act 2008
When was the NHS introduced
1948
When was the human genome project completed
2000
When was DNA discovered
1953
When was the Crimean war
1854-56
How many soldiers died in the Crimean war due to disease
130,000
How much was sent to the Nightingale fund to set up the Nightingale training school
By 1859, well-wishers had donated over £40,000 to the Nightingale Fund. Florence used this money to set up the Nightingale Training School at St Thomas’s Hospital on 9 July 1860.
What was the florey and Chain experiment
Florey and Chain injected eight mice with a lethal suspension of bacteria. Four were also given penicillin. The penicillin recipients survived, while the rest died, providing definitive proof that penicillin worked against serious bacterial infection.
