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Revision > History-Medicine > Flashcards

History-Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

who was louis Pasteur

A

the man who developed Germ theory

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2
Q

How did he develop Germ theory

A

French gov asked Pasteur to investigate why beer and wine went sour

Pasteur’s solution was to heat drinks briefly to kill off bacteria

As a result Pasteur believed germs from the air were causing the drinks to go sour and in the same way germs might be entering humans and making them sick

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3
Q

when was Germ theory published

A

1861

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4
Q

How did he prove Germ theory

A

he was called in to help at a silk farm
disease was killing silk worms
proved that disease was being spread by air

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5
Q

what were the short term impacts of Pasteur’s discovery

A

Robert Koch was the first individual to link a singular bacteria to a disease

Joseph Lister used carbolic spray to perform first anti septic surgery

once bacteria’s are identified vaccines can be developed

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6
Q

what were the long term impacts of Pasteur’s discovery

A

new treatments were made-
1800’s first chemical drugs
1930’s first antibiotic was made-penicillin

Improved public health-
his discovery encouraged govs and councils to keep streets clean, build sewers and provide clean water

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7
Q

what were the three breakthroughs Koch made

A

Linking bacteria to specific diseases- investigated anthrax- disease infecting animals- discovered specific bacterium that caused it

making it easier to study bacteria by staining them

studying human disease discovered the bacterium’s that caused tuberculosis and cholera

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8
Q

how did Pasteur discover how to make vaccines

A

Pasteur had member on his team - Charles Chamberland and told him to inoculate a batch of his chicken’s with cholera

Charles forgot do that and left the bacteria to weaken over the summer

returned after the summer inoculated the chicken with weakened bacteria
chicken survived

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9
Q

what other vaccines did Pasteur make

A

Rabies
anthrax

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10
Q

when did Paul Ehrlich make the first chemical cure

A

1909

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11
Q

what was the first chemical cure called

A

Salvarsan 606

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12
Q

what was the first chemical cure used against

A

syphillis

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13
Q

who made the first chemical cure

A

Paul Ehrlich

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14
Q

what was used before Paul Ehrlich discovered Salvarsan 606 to kill syphilis

A

Mercury -dangerous and ineffective

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15
Q

what did Paul Ehrlich refer to Salvarsan 606 as

A

magic bullet

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16
Q

when was the second magic bullet made

A

1930s

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17
Q

who made the second magic bullet

A

Gerhard Domagk

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18
Q

what was the second magic bullet called

A

prontosil

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19
Q

why did people like Galen’s books

A

covered every aspect of medicine
detailed
well organised

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20
Q

how long did doctors follow Galens ideas

A

1500years

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21
Q

what did Hippocrates think caused people to be sick

A

un balancement of the four humours

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22
Q

what did Hippocrates teach doctors to do when examining patients

A

examine patients carefully
keep detailed note of symptoms

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23
Q

what did Galen believe caused people to get sick

A

their humours were out of balance

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24
Q

what was Galens new idea

A

the theory of opposites

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25
Q

what was the Theory of Opposites

A

the use of opposites to balance the humours
Too much phlegm caused by cold eat spicy food to balance it

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26
Q

what were Galen’s discoveries in anatomy

A

the brain controlled speech not the heart

The arteries not just the veins carried blood around the body

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27
Q

Who was Al-Zahrwari

A

well known Islamic expert in surgery
produced a book covering complex abdominal operations and 200 illustrations of surgical equipment

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28
Q

What were three problems surgeons faced

A

pain- surgeons had to remove limbs or bladder stones without pain relief to the patient
Infection
Bleeding

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29
Q

what were used to clean wounds

A

wine vinegar and honey

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30
Q

when did Vesalius publish the fabric of the human body

A

1543

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31
Q

what did Vesalius prove that shows Galen made some mistakes

A

Human jaw bone made from one bones not two

breast bone is made of three parts not seven

blood does not flow through the heart to the septum through invisible holes

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32
Q

what did Vesalius encourage

A

for doctors to carry out their own dissections

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33
Q

what was good about the the fabric of the human Body

A

it had very detailed illustrations showing the body in far more detail

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34
Q

what was Vesalius’s short term impact

A

His book improved Knowledge about anatomy around Europe

helped change attitudes of doctors-made them realise there was more to learn

helped change training-more dissections on humans

triggered more research into anatomy-one of his students Falloppio made book about structure of human skull and ear

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35
Q

what was Vesalius’s long term impact

A

gradually other doctors started to challenge traditional ideas
his insistence on enquiry was turning point- by late 1600s students were encouraged to find things by themselves

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36
Q

How has the printing press improved knowledge of anatomy

A

mass printing of books led to mass sharing of knowledge

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37
Q

who invented the printing press

A

Johannes Gutenberg

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38
Q

when was the printing press invented

A

1436

39
Q

Why was William Harvey significant

A

he proved that the heart pumps blood around the body
the body has a one way system for blood

40
Q

how did he prove that hearts pump blood around the body

A

he figured out that each hour three times the weight of mans worth of blood was pumped around the heart

41
Q

what was the short term affects of William Harvey’s discovery

A

they were only gradually accepted- only after 50 years were Harvey’s ideas taught instead of Galen’s

42
Q

what were the long term affects of William Harvey’s discovery’s

A

many areas of medicine such as heart surgery or injections need to understand how blood flows.

43
Q

what were the ingredients used in Amboise Pare’s ointment

A

egg yolks, rose oil, turpentine,

44
Q

Instead of cauterisation what did ambroise pare experiment with to close wounds

A

ligatures

45
Q

what are the pros of ligatures

A

they’re not painful

46
Q

what are the cons of ligatures

A

before the invention of antiseptics 300 years later ligatures could cause infections

47
Q

How many kinds of false limbs did pare make

A

20

48
Q

What did people believe caused illness in medieval England

A

Astrology- alignment of planets and stars

Star charts- could be consulted by looking at when a patient was born and when they fell ill

The church taught that illness was punishment from God

Illness was caused by peoples sins

The four humours were unbalanced
blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile

miasma

49
Q

What time period was medieval England in

A

1250-1500

50
Q

What methods to prevent disease in medeival england were used by the Church

A

Prayer
fasting
flagellation
Pilgrimage

51
Q

What was regiment sanitatis

A

a set of instructions handed to the ill in medeival England to provide help to a patient about how to look after their health

for example: clean yourself, exercise and sleep well

52
Q

What were some medeival methods of treating illness

A

Blood letting

Purging- patient was made to vomit with an emetic

Herbal remedies such as aloe and chamomile were commonly used

religious practices such as prayer

53
Q

how many hospitals were owned by the church in medeival times

A

30%

54
Q

how many hospitals were there by 1500

A

1,100

55
Q

What was the main focus of hospitals in medeival times

A

to take care of the sick but not treat them
the sick were cared for by monks and nuns

56
Q

When was the black death

A

1346 – 1352

57
Q

what were the believed causes of the black death

A

punishment for sins
unusual alignment of planets
imbalance of four humours
miasma

58
Q

What was are some examples of prevention for the black death

A

prayer and church professions
flagellants whipped themselves
people carried herbs and flowers
quarantine laws

59
Q

What are some examples of treatment for the black death

A

prayer and confession
bleeding/purging
using herbs/ fire to remove bad air
lancing the buboes

60
Q

How many mistakes did Vesalius find in Galens works

A

300 for example he found out that the jaw bone is one not two

61
Q

What are some examples of what people in the medical renaissance thought caused the great plague

A

Astrology
a punishment from god
the imbalancement of the four humours
miasma
and transference from one person to another

62
Q

When did the great plague start and end

A

1665-1666

63
Q

What were some ways to prevent/treat the great plague

A

prayers were used
quarantine of victims
carrying a pomander to drive away miasma
fasting
plague doctors with bird-like masks with herbs in them
local authorities banned public meetings, closed theatres and organised mass killings of stray cats and dogs

64
Q

what ideas about the causes of illnesses and diseases still existed during the medical renaissance from the medeival era

A

the miasma theory
the church continued to have an influence during epidemics

65
Q

What ideas about the cause of illness have changed in the medical renaissance (1500-1700)

A

most people did not believe god has sent disease

theory of four humours had been discredited by physicians

printing press allowed the spread of books that criticised Galen

urine analysis ended

66
Q

what methods of preventing illness stayed the same in the medical renaissance (1500-1700)

A

Regimen sanitasis was still followed by people

67
Q

what methods of preventing illness changed in the medical renaissance (1500-1700)

A

people would relocate to avoid illness

68
Q

How did methods of treating illness stay the same in the medical renaissance (1500 - 1700)

A

bloodletting continued
people who could not afford physicians were treated by apothecaries and surgeons
herbal remedies were still used

69
Q

how did methods of treating illness change in the medical renaissance (1400-1700)

A

printing press meant that new book & treatments became available

70
Q

How did care of the sick stay the same in the medical renaissance (1500-1700)

A

Women cared for those who did not go to hospital
physicians generally still trained from Galens’ books

71
Q

How did care and treatment of the sick change during the medical renaissance (1400-1700)

A

hospitals would treat people with curable illnesses and wounds

specialised hospitals emerged E.G. pest houses, plague houses pox houses

medical training- apothecaries and surgeons were better educated

printing press meant that new books & treatments became available

72
Q

What ideas about the cause illness stayed the same during the 1700 till the 1900

A

many still believed in miasma

73
Q

What ideas about the cause of illness changed during the 1700s till he 1900s

A

scientific thinking led to germ theory which changed ideas about the cause of illness

74
Q

What was spontaneous generation theory

A

Dr Henry Bastion could see microbes on decaying matter- thought that the decay created the microbes out of thin air- believed till 1870s

75
Q

What were some methods to prevent disease in the 18th and 19th century

A

Vaccinations-the small pox vaccinations was made mandatory in the vaccination act 1853

Public Health act: scientific evidence and Chadwick’s report in 1842 about the life of the working class led to government taking more thought and care with public health

the first act of 1848 recommended boards of Health
in 1875- cities were forced to provide clean water, dispose of sewage, build public toilets and create street lighting.

76
Q

When was small pox completely eradicated world wide

A

1980

77
Q

When was the anti vaccine society set up

A

1866

78
Q

What were some methods of treating disease and illness from the 1700s till the 1900s

A

1847- Simpson discovers Chloroform
1848- Hannah Greener dies of overdose in operation
1853- queen Elizabeth uses chloroform to birth her son which gives Chloroform the royal seal of approval

Lister used carbolic spray to overcome infection in surgery by cleaning tools and wounds- antiseptic surgery

79
Q

What were some methods of taking care of the sick in the 18th and 19th century

A

hospitals- more were treated in sanitary conditions

Florence Nightingale campaigned for cleaner hospitals and improved training after her work in the Crimean war

1860- the nightingale School for nurses opens

80
Q

who was Florence Nightingale

A

A trained nurse who improved hospital conditions first in the Crimean war

81
Q

Why was Florence Nightingale significant

A

In 1860, she used her money to establish the Nightingale Training School for Nurses at St. Thomas Hospital in London.
her cleaner hospitals saw the death rate fall from 40% to 2%

82
Q

Who was James Simpson

A

The surgeon who discovered chloroform and its anaesthetic properties in November 8 1847

83
Q

Who was Joseph Lister

A

Discovered the antiseptic properties of carbolic spray in 1867
soaked bandages, hands and wounds in carbolic acid to remove germs- stopped gangrene from spreading

84
Q

Who were Howard Walter Florey and Ernst Boris Chain

A

developed Flemings work on penicillin by successfully purifying penicillin from an extract from the mold

Florey and Chain injected eight mice with a lethal suspension of bacteria. Four were also given penicillin. The penicillin recipients survived, while the rest died, providing definitive proof that penicillin worked against serious bacterial infection.

in 1941 they proved it worked on a Human patient suffering from blood poisoning

USA funded the production of penicillin throughout WW2

85
Q

What are some modern methods of preventing disease and illness

A

Vaccinations are made compulsory - diphtheria vaccine 1942

Genes are identified to help prevent certain diseases- remove breasts if gene linked to breast cancer is identified

86
Q

What are some pieces of legislation that prevent illness and disease

A

the clean air act of 1956 & 1958- prevent smog and air pollution

2006 health act- illegal to smoke in enclosed workplaces

Health and Social Care Act 2008

87
Q

When was the NHS introduced

A

1948

88
Q

When was the human genome project completed

A

2000

89
Q

When was DNA discovered

A

1953

90
Q

When was the Crimean war

A

1854-56

91
Q

How many soldiers died in the Crimean war due to disease

A

130,000

92
Q

How much was sent to the Nightingale fund to set up the Nightingale training school

A

By 1859, well-wishers had donated over £40,000 to the Nightingale Fund. Florence used this money to set up the Nightingale Training School at St Thomas’s Hospital on 9 July 1860.

93
Q

What was the florey and Chain experiment

A

Florey and Chain injected eight mice with a lethal suspension of bacteria. Four were also given penicillin. The penicillin recipients survived, while the rest died, providing definitive proof that penicillin worked against serious bacterial infection.

Revision (18 decks)

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