Citizenship paper 2 Flashcards
What are our political rights
The right to vote
The right to a secret ballot
The right to free speech
The right to a freedom of conscience
What are our moral rights
The right to an education
The right to freedom of thought and expression
The right to be credited
What are our legal rights
The right to a fair trial
Equality before the law
Innocence until proven guilty
Thesiger to representation
What are factors that create identity
Religion
Culture
Ethnic and National origin
Sexuality, gender and life-style choices
Political views
Profession
Cuisine and dietary choice
Socio-economic status
What is the definition of immigration
The act of moving to and settling in another country
What is the definition of emigration
The act of leaving a country with the intention of settling elsewhere
What are factors that cause immigration
High standards of living
Peace and political stability
High level of human rights and freedoms
High availability of work and jobs
Freedom of religion
What are factors that cause emigration
Low standards of living and poverty
Political instability and civil war
Dictatorship and lack of freedoms
High levels of unemployment
Religious persecution
What are factors that change the nature of a population
Diversity of religions
Diversity of sexualities e.g. heterosexual, homosexual
Movement of population between urban and country side regions
Average Age of the population
What are some types of media in the UK
Traditional television: BBC
Digital television: Dave, UK TV gold
Newspapers
Radio
Social media
Streaming services
What is the definition of a free press
Media free of political oversight and control that is able to freely criticise and parody the government
What are the roles of a free press
Informing the general public of events
Influencing public opinion
Providing a place for the communication and discussion of ideas
Holding those in power to account
What are the restrictions and responsibilities of Free Press
Censorship: not publishing what may cause stress or offence to the public
Accuracy: publishing stories and material that’s true and factual
Privacy: not unduly invading the privacy of individuals
Public interest: only publishing stories that are of relevance to the general public
National security: not publishing material that can harm the nations security
What is the definition of injuction
The court order preventing the publication of an item
Which organisation regulates the press
IPSO
What are some examples of censorship
The Watershed: no expletives, nudity, or graphic violence before 9pm
Bleeping of inappropriate language
Warnings of TV programmes giving notice of violence, sex or expletives
What is the purpose of the UN
The UN was set up after WW2 to try and regulate the relations between nations.
What are the roles of the UK within the UN
The UK is a permanent member of the UN’s security council
Contributes financially to the UN
Contributes troops and equipment to the UN’s peace keeping operations
Member of UN organizations such as UNESCO and the international court of justice
What is NATO
NATO was set up in 1949 to defend against any actions by the USSR
What is the role of the UK within NATO
It is part of the common defense
Contributes troops and equipment
Contributes funding and leadership
What is the world trade organization
Set up in 1996 to regulate trade and economic activity between nations
What is the UK’s role in the world trade organization
Contributes to funding
helps to draw up influence and regulations
contributes personnel and resources
negotiates and debates with other nations
What is the UK’s role in the EU
Negotiating with the EU and European leaders on EU treaties and documents
helping to form EU rules and regulations
Contribution of funding to the EU
How do you resolve international disputes as a nation state
Military action- this may lead to the populace questioning the morality and legality of this action
Sanctions- stop trading with a nation or seize assets
Diplomatic pressure- Attempting to persuade countries
Providing non-military personnel - providing advisers or aid
How do you resolve international disputes as an NGO
providing medical and humanitarian aid
raising funds and supplies
raising awareness of the issue
What are the fundamental principles of the law
presumption of innocence- innocent until proven guilty
Equality before the law- law treats everyone as equals regardless of status
Right to representation- everyone has to right to be represented in court
Right of due process- Everyone has the right for a known process to be carried out
Right of fair trial- Everyone has the right to a fair and unbiased trial
What is the purpose of the law
to hold those in power to account
to regulate behavior- making sure those who harm others are punished and deterring others from committing those crimes
To create a know set of rules for citizens to abide by
to create a deterrent to prevent injustice
The roles and powers of the police
To investigate a crime reported to them
To ensure the safety of the general public
to arrest individuals suspected of committing a crime
To collect and pass evidence to the CPS
To enforce law and regulations
To advise the public on crime prevention
What is the role of legal representatives
To provide advice and guidance to clients
To argue for the guilt or innocence of an individual during criminal rials
To argue for or against liability in civil courts
To assert the rights of those they represent
to advocate in favour in those they represent
To carry out routine legal work on behalf of individuals or organizations
what is criminal law
Deals with issues between an individual and state
What is civil law
deals with issues between organizations and people
What is the court system for civil courts
County court —> High court of justice —> Court of appeal —> Supreme court
What is the court system for criminal courts
Magistrates court —> Crown court —> High court —> Court of appeal —> Supreme court
Differences in the Scottish legal system
Three verdicts are possible in criminal cases : not guilty, not proven, guilty
15 people rather than 12 on jury
no right to trial by jury- this is decided by prosecutor
What is the age of criminal responsibility
10
How are people age 10-17 dealt with if they commit a crime
They are sent through the youth justice system and young offenders institutions where the main aim is to rehabilitate them
what is The human rights act (1998)
Placed fundamental human rights into UK law e.g. freedom of speech, Right to life
what is The equality act (2010)
Established the legal basis that discriminating someone due to sexuality, gender, religion or race a crime
What are some sources of law
Legislation: when parliament amends, repeals or makes new laws
Precedent: decisions made by past judges in past court cases that present judges use as guidance for current rulings
Common law
How do trade unions represent employees
They represent their employees by campaigning for better wages, better conditions and recognition of their rights
Employees subject to formal disciplinary procedures have a right to a trade union representative
Employees can’t be stopped from joining a trade union
Factors affecting crime rates
Socio-economic status
Urban status
Drug and alcohol abuse
Police presence
Level of education
Types of sentencing
Prision sentence
Suspended sentence- sentence which only begins if the individual reoffends
Community service- a set amount of unpaid work hours that a helps a local community
Custodial sentences- a sentence passed by the court that involves the accused having their freedom taken away by being put in prison
fines
tags- methods to track individuals
What factors must judges consider before sentencing
Legislation- may give boundaries for minimum or maximum sentences
Public safety- the primary purpose of all sentences is to keep the public safe
Rehabilitation- is the sentence likely to lead to the rehabilitation of the individual
Proportionate- is the sentence proportionate to the crime committed
Deterrence- will the sentence deter other from committing the crime
What is the primary aim of the youth justice system
to prevent the individual from reoffending
Who needs to be informed if a young person is arrested
the career or Guardian of the young person
Who needs to be present during interviews with the young person
A responsible adult
What is international law
law that governs the relations between nations
international law is formed from agreements ,treaties and general custom and practice
International law protects victims of conflict and disaster and sets out rules on asylum and human rights
What is the UN declaration of human rights (1948)
Sets out basic and universal human rights
