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Citizenship paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are our political rights

A

The right to vote

The right to a secret ballot

The right to free speech

The right to a freedom of conscience

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2
Q

What are our moral rights

A

The right to an education

The right to freedom of thought and expression

The right to be credited

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3
Q

What are our legal rights

A

The right to a fair trial

Equality before the law

Innocence until proven guilty

Thesiger to representation

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4
Q

What are factors that create identity

A

Religion

Culture

Ethnic and National origin

Sexuality, gender and life-style choices

Political views

Profession

Cuisine and dietary choice

Socio-economic status

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5
Q

What is the definition of immigration

A

The act of moving to and settling in another country

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6
Q

What is the definition of emigration

A

The act of leaving a country with the intention of settling elsewhere

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7
Q

What are factors that cause immigration

A

High standards of living

Peace and political stability

High level of human rights and freedoms

High availability of work and jobs

Freedom of religion

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8
Q

What are factors that cause emigration

A

Low standards of living and poverty

Political instability and civil war

Dictatorship and lack of freedoms

High levels of unemployment

Religious persecution

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9
Q

What are factors that change the nature of a population

A

Diversity of religions

Diversity of sexualities e.g. heterosexual, homosexual

Movement of population between urban and country side regions

Average Age of the population

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10
Q

What are some types of media in the UK

A

Traditional television: BBC

Digital television: Dave, UK TV gold

Newspapers

Radio

Social media

Streaming services

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11
Q

What is the definition of a free press

A

Media free of political oversight and control that is able to freely criticise and parody the government

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12
Q

What are the roles of a free press

A

Informing the general public of events

Influencing public opinion

Providing a place for the communication and discussion of ideas

Holding those in power to account

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13
Q

What are the restrictions and responsibilities of Free Press

A

Censorship: not publishing what may cause stress or offence to the public

Accuracy: publishing stories and material that’s true and factual

Privacy: not unduly invading the privacy of individuals

Public interest: only publishing stories that are of relevance to the general public

National security: not publishing material that can harm the nations security

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14
Q

What is the definition of injuction

A

The court order preventing the publication of an item

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15
Q

Which organisation regulates the press

A

IPSO

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16
Q

What are some examples of censorship

A

The Watershed: no expletives, nudity, or graphic violence before 9pm

Bleeping of inappropriate language

Warnings of TV programmes giving notice of violence, sex or expletives

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the UN

A

The UN was set up after WW2 to try and regulate the relations between nations.

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18
Q

What are the roles of the UK within the UN

A

The UK is a permanent member of the UN’s security council

Contributes financially to the UN

Contributes troops and equipment to the UN’s peace keeping operations

Member of UN organizations such as UNESCO and the international court of justice

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19
Q

What is NATO

A

NATO was set up in 1949 to defend against any actions by the USSR

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20
Q

What is the role of the UK within NATO

A

It is part of the common defense

Contributes troops and equipment

Contributes funding and leadership

21
Q

What is the world trade organization

A

Set up in 1996 to regulate trade and economic activity between nations

22
Q

What is the UK’s role in the world trade organization

A

Contributes to funding

helps to draw up influence and regulations

contributes personnel and resources

negotiates and debates with other nations

23
Q

What is the UK’s role in the EU

A

Negotiating with the EU and European leaders on EU treaties and documents

helping to form EU rules and regulations

Contribution of funding to the EU

24
Q

How do you resolve international disputes as a nation state

A

Military action- this may lead to the populace questioning the morality and legality of this action

Sanctions- stop trading with a nation or seize assets

Diplomatic pressure- Attempting to persuade countries

Providing non-military personnel - providing advisers or aid

25
How do you resolve international disputes as an NGO
providing medical and humanitarian aid raising funds and supplies raising awareness of the issue
26
What are the fundamental principles of the law
*presumption of innocence*- innocent until proven guilty *Equality before the law*- law treats everyone as equals regardless of status *Right to representation*- everyone has to right to be represented in court *Right of due process*- Everyone has the right for a known process to be carried out *Right of fair trial*- Everyone has the right to a fair and unbiased trial
27
What is the purpose of the law
*to hold those in power to account* *to regulate behavior*- making sure those who harm others are punished and deterring others from committing those crimes *To create a know set of rules for citizens to abide by* *to create a deterrent to prevent injustice*
28
The roles and powers of the police
To investigate a crime reported to them To ensure the safety of the general public to arrest individuals suspected of committing a crime To collect and pass evidence to the CPS To enforce law and regulations To advise the public on crime prevention
29
What is the role of legal representatives
To provide advice and guidance to clients To argue for the guilt or innocence of an individual during criminal rials To argue for or against liability in civil courts To assert the rights of those they represent to advocate in favour in those they represent To carry out routine legal work on behalf of individuals or organizations
30
what is criminal law
Deals with issues between an individual and state
31
What is civil law
deals with issues between organizations and people
32
What is the court system for civil courts
County court ---> High court of justice ---> Court of appeal ---> Supreme court
33
What is the court system for criminal courts
Magistrates court ---> Crown court ---> High court ---> Court of appeal ---> Supreme court
34
Differences in the Scottish legal system
Three verdicts are possible in criminal cases : not guilty, not proven, guilty 15 people rather than 12 on jury no right to trial by jury- this is decided by prosecutor
35
What is the age of criminal responsibility
10
36
How are people age 10-17 dealt with if they commit a crime
They are sent through the youth justice system and young offenders institutions where the main aim is to rehabilitate them
37
what is The human rights act (1998)
Placed fundamental human rights into UK law e.g. freedom of speech, Right to life
38
what is The equality act (2010)
Established the legal basis that discriminating someone due to sexuality, gender, religion or race a crime
39
What are some sources of law
Legislation: when parliament amends, repeals or makes new laws Precedent: decisions made by past judges in past court cases that present judges use as guidance for current rulings Common law
40
How do trade unions represent employees
They represent their employees by campaigning for better wages, better conditions and recognition of their rights Employees subject to formal disciplinary procedures have a right to a trade union representative Employees can't be stopped from joining a trade union
41
Factors affecting crime rates
Socio-economic status Urban status Drug and alcohol abuse Police presence Level of education
42
Types of sentencing
Prision sentence Suspended sentence- sentence which only begins if the individual reoffends Community service- a set amount of unpaid work hours that a helps a local community Custodial sentences- a sentence passed by the court that involves the accused having their freedom taken away by being put in prison fines tags- methods to track individuals
43
What factors must judges consider before sentencing
Legislation- may give boundaries for minimum or maximum sentences Public safety- the primary purpose of all sentences is to keep the public safe Rehabilitation- is the sentence likely to lead to the rehabilitation of the individual Proportionate- is the sentence proportionate to the crime committed Deterrence- will the sentence deter other from committing the crime
44
What is the primary aim of the youth justice system
to prevent the individual from reoffending
45
Who needs to be informed if a young person is arrested
the career or Guardian of the young person
46
Who needs to be present during interviews with the young person
A responsible adult
47
What is international law
law that governs the relations between nations international law is formed from agreements ,treaties and general custom and practice International law protects victims of conflict and disaster and sets out rules on asylum and human rights
48
What is the UN declaration of human rights (1948)
Sets out basic and universal human rights

Revision (18 decks)

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