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Science > Physics || P1-P6 > Flashcards

Physics || P1-P6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Kinetic Energy?

A

Energy in anything that moves.

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2
Q

Thermal Energy?

A

The hotter something is, the more energy it is storing.

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3
Q

Chemical Energy?

A

Anything that releases energy through a chemical reaction,

E.g. food.

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4
Q

Gravitational Potential Energy?

A

Anything in a gravitational field,

Anything falling.

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5
Q

Elastic Potential Energy?

A

Anything stretched.

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6
Q

Magnetic Energy?

A

Two magnets that are attracting or repealing each other.

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7
Q

Electrostatic Energy?

A

Two charges that attract or repel each other.

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8
Q

Nuclear Energy?

A

Nuclear reactions.

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9
Q

Gravitational Field Strength Of Earth?

A

10 J

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10
Q

Ways Of Reducing Wasted Energy?

A

Insulation and Lubrication.

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11
Q

Lubrication?

A

Reduces wasted energy by friction,

Liquids such as oil are used on objects to reduce the friction, therefore reducing the heat.

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12
Q

Mechanically Means?

A

Work is done against friction.

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13
Q

Insulation?

A

Reduces energy wasted by heating,

When something is hot, the particles in the object vibrate more which causes kinetic energy,
This is called conduction,

Gases have a low thermal conductivity and solids have a high thermal conductivity,

Making something thicker will stop this because this means the energy transfer is slower.

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14
Q

Renewable Energy Sources?

A

Energy Resources that will never run out,

Bio-fuels,
Wind,
Sun,
Hydro-electricity,
Tides.
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15
Q

Ionised Atom?

A

When an atom looses an electron,

The more electrons the atom looses, the more positive it becomes because electrons are negative,

(Chemistry but relevant for radiation).

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16
Q

Ionising Radiation?

A

Radiation that knocks electrons out of atoms,

There are 3 types of particles that cause radiation.

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17
Q

3 Particles In Radiation?

A

Alpha,

Beta,

Gamma.

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18
Q

Alpha Particles?

A

Empires from nucleus and have 2 protons and 2 neutrons,

Can be absorbed by paper,

Only travel few cm in air,

Strongly ionising (damaging).

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19
Q

Beta Particles?

A

Can be a positron or a electron,

Moderately ionising,

Absorbed by something 5mm thick approximately,

Travel moderately far.

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20
Q

Gamma Rays?

A

Weakly ionising but travel forever,

Can only be stopped by lead or metres of concrete.

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21
Q

How Does Radiation Damage Cells?

A

Can enter living cells and ionise atoms in molecules within them,
This leads to cell damage,

Lower doses or radiation cause damage without killing the cells usually,
This causes the cells to mutate uncontrollably which can lead to cancer,

Higher doses of radiation cause cells to be killed which causes radiation sickness.

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22
Q

What Radiation Particles Penetrate The Skin?

A

Beta and Gamma.

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23
Q

Alpha Particles In The Body?

A

They are the most dangerous because they are the most ionising (do the most damage).

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24
Q

Proton Mass And Charge?

A

Mass of 1, charge of 1.

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25
Q

Neutron Mass And Charge?

A

Mass of 1, charge of 0.

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26
Q

Electron Mass And Charge?

A

Mass of 0.0005 (nothing), charge of -1.

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27
Q

When Do Atoms Ionise?

A

When they are under high frequency waves.

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28
Q

Transmitted?

A

Light goes through object.

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29
Q

Refracted?

A

Light bends as it enters (ruler in water as example).

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30
Q

Reflected?

A

Light bounces off object.

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31
Q

Absorbed?

A

Light is absorbed into object,

E.g. black.

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32
Q

Internal Mass?

A

Ratio of force over acceleration.

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33
Q

Cars And Momentum?

A

Airbags increase collision time,

This reduces the rate of change in momentum.

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34
Q

Equilibrium?

A

Forces are equal.

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35
Q

How Can Final Velocity Be Found If Not Given?

A

Average speed x 2.

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36
Q

What Can Be Used To Measure Speed Of Sound?

A

Oscilloscope,

Attach two microphones to the oscilloscope,

Hold them near a speaker,

The distance between both the microphones is the wavelength,

Waves will be shown on the oscilloscope.

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37
Q

What Can Be Used To Show Water Ripples?

A

A strobe light,

Use a signal generator attached to the dipper of the ripple tank,

Wave pattern will be made by the shadows.

38
Q

Mechanically Transferring Energy?

A

Force acting on an object and doing work,

This could be stretching or pushing.

39
Q

Electrically Transferring Energy?

A

A charge doing work against the resistance,

This could be a charge moving around a circuit.

40
Q

Heating Transferring Energy?

A

Energy transfer from a hotter object to a colder object,

Could be heating a pan on a hob.

41
Q

Radiation Transferring Energy?

A

Energy transferred from waves,

Energy from sun reaching Earth and creating light.

42
Q

Scalar?

A

Have a size but no directions,

E.g. distance, speed, energy and time.

43
Q

Vector?

A

Have a magnitude and a direction,

E.g. force, weight, acceleration and momentum.

44
Q

Magnitude?

A

Another word for “size”.

45
Q

Displacement?

A

Distance covered in a straight line,

Different to distance,

E.g. car park is 40m away from the house but the car must travel along the road to get there. The road takes a 200m rout. The displacement is 40m and the distance travelled is 200m.

46
Q

Momentum?

A

Combination of mass and velocity.

47
Q

Acceleration?

A

A measure of how fast velocity is changing,

Formula is (v-u) / t.

48
Q

Distance / Time Graphs?

A

Distance on the y axis,

Time on the x axis,

Horizontal line means the object is stationary,

Sloping, straight line means the object is moving at a constant speed,

Steep line means the speed is faster,

Speed is calculated from the gradient of the line (distance / time).

49
Q

Velocity/Time Graphs?

A

Horizontal line shows the object is moving at a constant speed,

Sloping, straight line shows acceleration,

Steeper line means the acceleration is greater,

Sloping line going down means that the object is decelerating,

Find acceleration by looking at the gradient of the line (find initial, final and then divide by time),

Find the distance by calculating the area under the gradient line.

50
Q

Acceleration Due To Gravity?

A

10 m/s2.

51
Q

Uniform Acceleration?

A

Means a constant acceleration,

Formula is v2 - u2 = 2 x a x x,

X is distance,
À is acceleration,

Can be re arranged but they give you it in exam.

52
Q

Newton’s First Law?

A

A resultant force is needed to make something start moving, speed up or slow down,

E.g. an already moving car will move at a constant speed if the acceleration does not increase or decrease.

53
Q

Newton’s Second Law?

A

F = M x A,

Larger the resultant force, the larger the acceleration,

Resultant force and acceleration are proportional,

Acceleration and mass are inversely proportional,

This means if the mass is greater, the acceleration is less.

54
Q

Large Deceleration Can Do What?

A

Cause injuries,

E.g. car crash,

Large decelerations can only happen if the is a large force (because f = m x a),

Force can be reduced by slowing down an object over a longer period of time.

55
Q

Safety Features In Cars?

A

Designed to increase collision time,

Seatbelts stretch,

Air bags slow you down gradually,

Crumple zones at the front and back of cars crumple easily in a collision which increases the time it takes to stop.

56
Q

Brakes In Cars?

A

They DO WORK on the wheels which transfers energy from the kinetic energy store to the thermal,

Large decelerations may cause the breaks to overheat,

This can cause skidding.

57
Q

Mass?

A

Scalar quantity and measured in kg,

Amount of volume something has.

58
Q

Weight?

A

Is a force and is measured in newtons,

It is the gravitational field strength on an object so it could be 10kg on Earth and 5kg on the moon,

Can be measured using a calibrated spring balance (Newton Metre is another name).

59
Q

Gravitational Field Strength Is?

A

Measured in N/Kg,

The field strength of a place, this can vary,

Can be strong on Earth and weak on the moon.

60
Q

Circular Motion?

A

Velocity is measured by speed and direction,

If an object is traveling in a circle, Is is changing direction so it must be changing velocity,

If it is changing velocity, it must be accelerating,

This means there must be a resultant force on the object,

The force acts towards the centre of the circle,

The force that keeps something moving in a circle is called the CENTRIPETAL FORCE.

61
Q

P2 Practical?

A

Trolley on ramp practical,

Investigating the motion of the trolley,

Equipment:

  • Trolley,
  • Two light gates,
  • String,
  • Hanging mass on hook,
  • Pulley,
  • Ramp,
  • Card,
  • Data logger,

Adjust the ramp so the trolley moves on it’s own down it but JUST,

Light gates will record the initial and final velocity of the trolley,

Put masses on the trolley and the rest on the pulley hook,

Hold trolley still and then let go,

Ramp is used to create a slanted surface ehich reduces friction and makes gravity and weights main source of acceleration,

Heavier the object, the slower the acceleration,

The system must all weigh the same so masses that aren’t on hook must be on top of trolley.

62
Q

Different Equipment To Measure Distance And Time?

A

Light gates are used to eliminate humans reaction time which gets better results,

Rolling tape measure (clicky wheely things) are used to measure walking speed,

Stopwatches are used to measure something longer than 5 seconds,

Videos can be taken which shows how far something travels each frame. Frames per second allow us to find distance travelled by the object per framed and the time it takes to do so.

63
Q

Newton’s Third Law?

A

When two objects interact, the forces they exert on each other are equal and opposites.

64
Q

Inertia?

A

The tendency to keep moving with the same velocity,

The ratio of force over acceleration.

65
Q

Conservation Of Energy?

A

Energy can be stored, transferred, dissipated but never created or destroyed,

Total energy of a closed system had no net change.

66
Q

Explain Momentum Before And After?

A

The total amount of momentum before a collision is the same as after,

However, this momentum is transferred,

E.g. the red ball is stationary and the white ball had a velocity (it is moving),
The white ball hits the red ball and continues to move but slower,
The red ball is moving,
The combination of the red and white balls momentum is the same as the initial white balls momentum.

67
Q

A Resultant Force Causes What?

A

An object to accelerate.

68
Q

Forces Are Bigger When?

A

The change in momentum is quicker, the force will be bigger,

So larger the acceleration or deceleration, the larger the force is on an object.

69
Q

Stopping Distance Is?

A

Thinking distance + braking distance.

70
Q

Thinking Distance?

A

Distance the car travels in the drivers reaction time (time between noticing the hazard and apply the brakes),

Affected by two main factors:

  • Reaction Time (increased by tiredness, alcohol, drugs and distractions),
  • Speed (how fast the person is driving).
71
Q

Braking Distance?

A

Distance taken to stop once the breaks have been applied,

Affected By:

  • Speed (the faster the car is moving, the longer is takes to stop),
  • Condition of brakes,
  • Mass of car (how heavy the car is and does it have a lot of luggage?),
  • Friction between your tyres and the road (more likely to skid if the road is dirty or wet and tyres must have tread depth of 1.6mm).
72
Q

Tyres Rules?

A

Tyres must have tread depth of 1.6mm at minimum.

73
Q

Ruler Drop Experiment?

A

Sit with arm resting on table which stops you from moving your arm during test,

Make a person drop a ruler above your hand without telling you,

Your thumb and finger must be in line with zero before the ruler is dropped,

Catch the ruler as quick as possible,

Longer the distance on the ruler, the longer the reaction time of person,

It’s hard to do this experiment accurately,

Use same ruler for each test,

Repeat this test, ALWAYS REPEAT PRACTICALS.

74
Q

Diagrams Showing Energy Transfers Consist Of?

A

Square showing the original place of energy,

Arrow going to the new square and use of energy,

This arrow can lead to more than one square, showing more than one use of energy.

75
Q

Efficiency?

A

How efficient an appliance is,

An appliance is less efficient if a lot of the input energy is dissipated or wasted,

An appliance is efficient if most of the input energy is used.

76
Q

Efficiency Formula?

A

Useful energy transferred by device
—————————————-
Total energy supplied to device.

77
Q

Diagrams Showing Efficiency?

A

No device is 100% efficient but some are more efficiant than others and are shown on diagrams,

Big arrow and the width of the arrow must stay equal on both sides,

Arrow splits into two and the smaller, wasted energy will point down.

78
Q

Reducing Wasted Energy?

A
  • Including lubrication,

- Thermal insulation.

79
Q

How Does Lubrication Reduce Energy Wasted?

A

Friction is created when something moves,

This friction transfers mechanical energy to thermal energy stores which is then dissipates does to surroundings,

Lubricants reduces friction between objects,

They’re usually liquids like oils and they flow easily between objects to coat them.

80
Q

Conduction?

A

Transfer of energy through an object,

E.g. particles in a heated part of an object vibrate and make the other particles next to them vibrate more.

81
Q

Insulation Stops Wasting Energy How?

A

Insulation slows down the rate of thermal energy transfer,

E.g. a thicker wall with have a slower energy transfer because conduction happens slower,

Walls have gaps between them sometimes. This slows down thermal conduction because gases (like air) have a lower thermal conductivity.

82
Q

Gases Thermal Conductivity?

A

They have a lower thermal conductivity.

83
Q

Metals Thermal Conductivity?

A

They have a high thermal conductivity.

84
Q

Disaster Related To Nuclear Waste?

A

Fukushima disaster in Japan.

85
Q

Bio-Fuels Are?

A

Renewable energy sources created from plant products or animal poo,

Burnt to produce electricity and run cars like fossil fuels,

Carbon neutral (if you keep growing plants and raising animals),
Reliable, take short time to grow and can be done all year round (unlike solar and wind energy),
Plants can be stored for when they are needed,

Using plants and water to grow animals and produce bio-fuels means we can’t use it for food,
Expensive,
Deforestation has been done to make room for bio-fuels.

86
Q

Wind Power?

A

Generators inside the wind turbine,

Wind rotated the blades of the wind turbine which turn the generator and produce electricity,

No pollution,
Initial costs are high but running costs and minimal,
They can spoil the view of landscapes,
Can be noisy,
Only work when windy.
87
Q

Solar Cells?

A

Energy transferred by light to create an electric current,

No pollution,
Often used in remote places,
Initial costs are high but no running costs,
Used to generate electricity for small scale places such as homes,
Only suitable for sunny places but can be used in cloudy places,
Can’t make solar power at night.

88
Q

Hydro Electricity?

A

Involved flowering a valley by building a dam,

Rainwater is caught and allowed out through turbines,

No pollution,
Big impact on environment such as loss of habitat and flooding,

It can immediately respond to increased electricity demand so more water can be let through turbines when the demand is higher,

Initial costs re high but minimal running costs and is reliable.

89
Q

Total Barrages?

A

Big dams build across river estuaries with turbines in them,

As tide comes in, fills the estuary and water is let out through turbines to produce electricity,

No pollution,
Tides are pretty reliable but the height of them varies and tidal barrages don’t work if tide is the same either side,
Initial costs are moderately high but there are no fuel costs and minimal running costs,

Affect boat access,
Spoil view,
Alter habitat for wildlife.

90
Q

Renewable Energy Is Limited Why?

A

Building new power plants costs money and fossil fuels are cost efficient,

Arguments over where power plants should be, they’re ugly,

Some renewable energy sources aren’t as reliable as fossil fuels,

Research about reliability and cost of new fuels takes time and money,

Hybrid cars are expensive, along with solar panels.

Science (26 decks)

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