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Biology || B1 - B4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Features Of An Animal Cell?

A

Mitochondria,
-Respiration Takes Place Here.

Ribosomes,
-Makes Protein.

Cytoplasm,

  • Holds Everything In Place,
  • Chemical Reactions Take Place Here,
  • Contains Enzymes.

Nucleus,

  • Holds Genetic Material,
  • Controls Cell.

Cell Membrane,
-Controls What Enters The Cell.

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2
Q

Features Of A Plant Cell?

A

Mitochondria,
-Respiration Takes Place Here.

Ribosomes,
-Makes Protein.

Cytoplasm,

  • Holds Everything In Place,
  • Chemical Reactions Take Place Here,
  • Contains Enzymes.

Nucleus,

  • Holds Genetic Material,
  • Controls Cell.

Cell Membrane,
-Controls What Enters The Cell.

Vacuole,
-Holds Cell Sap.

Cell Wall,
-Made Of Cellulose.

Chloroplasts,

  • Photosynthesis Takes Place,
  • Energy And Food From Sun.
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3
Q

Features Of A Bacteria Cell?

A

Bacteria Cells Are Prokaryotes.

Ribosomes,
-Makes Proteins.

Chromosomal DNA,

  • One Long Circular Chromosome,
  • Floats In Cytoplasm,
  • Controls Cell.

Cell Membrane,
-Controls What Goes In And Out Of Cell.

Plasmids,
-Extra DNA.

Flagellum,
-Helps Move Cell.

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4
Q

Enzyme Names And Break Downs?

A

Amylase Enzyme breaks down starch into glucose,

Protease Enzyme breaks down proteins into amino acids,

Lipase enzymes break down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids.

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5
Q

Diffusion?

A

Movement Of Particles From High Concentration To Low Concentration.

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6
Q

Osmosis?

A

Movement Of Water From High Concentrate To Low Concentration.

This Goes Through A Partially Permeable Membrane.

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7
Q

Active Transport?

A

When A Gradient Moves From A Lower Concentration To A High Concentration.

This uses Energy!

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8
Q

Stages Of Mitosis?

A

Interphase,

  • DNA is spread into long strings,
  • Cell prepares to divide, making copies of each chromosome,
  • Most cells are going through this stage most of the time.

Prophase,

  • Chromosomes condense,
  • Nucleus breaks and chromosomes roam in cytoplasm.

Metaphase,
-Chromosomes move to middle of cell and line up in a straight line.

Anaphase,

  • Cell fibres pull chromosome pairs apart,
  • Chromosomes spread to opposite sides of cell.

Telophase,

  • Membranes form around each of sets,
  • Divide to form separate cells,
  • This is called cytokinesis.
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9
Q

5 Kingdoms?

A
  • Animals,
  • Plants,
  • Protists,
  • Fungi,
  • Prokaryotes (Bacteria).
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10
Q

3 Domains?

A

Bacteria,
-Single Cell Organisms.

Archeau,

  • Similar Single Cell Organisms,
  • Not All DNA Is Used In Cell.

Eukarya,

  • Multi-Cellular Organisms,
  • Some Genes Are Not Used.
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11
Q

Tissue Culture?

A

-The growth of artificial cells.

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12
Q

Genetic Modification?

A

When a gene from one organism is transferred to another.

Stages-

  • Take DNA from organism,
  • Use enzymes,
  • Transfer,
  • Must be done at egg stage (early).
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13
Q

Darwin’s Theory?

A

Believes we all developed from one species.

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14
Q

Binomial Naming System?

A

(Genus Name) (Species Name)

Homo Sapien

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15
Q

Breed?

A

Species of animals that can reproduce but have different characteristics.

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16
Q

Variety?

A

Species of plants that have different characteristics.

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17
Q

Selective Breeding?

A

Breeding of organisms with desired characteristics.

This process is repeated over many generations to produce ‘perfect” organism.

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18
Q

Genetic Modification Of Bacteria?

A

Human gene is extracted using restriction enzymes.

Same restriction enzymes used to cut the plasmid of bacteria. This blocks off other information.

This produces sticky ends that leave complementary DNA bases.

We place gene into plasmid using ligase.

The cell is ‘culture’.

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19
Q

Features Of Ardi?

A
  • 4.4 million years ago,
  • Small skull of 350cm,
  • Toes pointed outwards,
  • Started to walk on two feet to see above grass and climb trees etc.
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20
Q

Features of Lucy?

A
  • 3.2 million years ago,
  • Toes pointed forward,
  • Ate more protein,
  • Skull volume of 400cm,
  • Cerebellum gets bigger means more motor movements.
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21
Q

Complementary DNA Bases?

A

A - T

C - G

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22
Q

Substitution?

A

Mutation of DNA where a base is replaced with a different pair,

E.g. ATA - ACA.

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23
Q

Insertion?

A

When an extra base is added to the complementary base DNA,

E.g. ATA - ATAA

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24
Q

Deletion?

A

When a base is removed,

E.g. ATA - AT.

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25
Q

Structure of DNA?

A

-Double helix structure,
-DNA is made of nucleotides:
- Phosphate, Sugar, Base
(A,T,C,G), Hydrogen Bonds.

  • 3 hydrogen bonds in C + G.
  • 2 hydrogen bonds in A + T.
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26
Q

Genome?

A

All of the DNA in one organism.

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27
Q

Genotype?

A

Alleles for a certain characteristic.

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28
Q

Phenotype?

A

Characteristics that are produced by a certain allele.

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29
Q

Allele?

A

A gene that codes for anything.

E.g. A gene for an eye colour.

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30
Q

Eukaryotic?

A

Complex and include animal and plant cells.

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31
Q

Prokaryotic?

A

Smaller and simpler cells (eg. Bacteria).

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32
Q

Ribosomes Functions?

A

They are involved in the translation of genetic material in the synthesis of protein.

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33
Q

Mitochondria Functions?

A

Where respiration takes place,

Creation of energy.

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34
Q

Vacuole Functions?

A

Contains cell sap that maintains the internal pressure in the cell. This supports the cell.

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35
Q

Chloroplast Functions?

A

Where photosynthesis occurred which makes food for the plant. They contain green substances called chlorophyll.

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36
Q

Flagellum Functions?

A

A long, hair like Structure that roatates to move away from harm (toxins) and towards beneficial things (oxygen and nutrients).

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37
Q

Haploid?

A

Cell that contains half the amount of chromosomes, 23 chromosomes.

38
Q

Egg Cell Adaptations?

A

Contains nutrients in cytoplasm to feed embryo,
Haploid nucleus,
Straight after fertilisation, the cell membrane changes shape to stop sperm going in, this means the embryo will have the right amount of DNA.

39
Q

Sperm Cell Adaptations?

A

Long tail so it can swim to egg,
Mitochondria in the middle to provide energy from the swim,
Acrosome in the head where it stores enzymes so the sperm can digest the membrane of egg,
Haploid nucleus.

40
Q

Ciliated Epithelial Cells Adaptations?

A

Some have cilia (hair like substance on top, used for sweeping waste),
This cilia is used to move substances in one direction,
Lining of airways contains lots of ciliated epithelial cells so we can move mucus up the frost so it doesn’t reach the lungs.

41
Q

Higher Resolution?

A

Can be seen more clearly and in more detail in a microscope.

42
Q

Light Microscope?

A

Work by passing light through the specimen,

Allow us to look at nuclei and chloroplasts and allow us to see living cells.

43
Q

Electron Microscope?

A

Use electrons rather than light :9 we have a higher magnification and resolution,

Can see much smaller specimens and in detail which allows us to have a better understanding,

CANT SEE LIVING CELLS.

44
Q

Light Microscope Practical?

A

Thin slice of specimen to allow light through,

Clean slide and put a drop of water on which will secure the specimen in place,

Drop of stain (methane blue) on specimen if the specimen is colourless (easier to see),

Cover slip on the specimen, holding it at an angle to avoid air bubbles.

45
Q

Catalysts?

A

A substance that increases the speed of a reaction (enzyme is an example of this).

46
Q

Detect Starch?

A

We use iodine solution to detect starch,

The iodine will change from a orange to a blue if the starch is present.

47
Q

Chromosomes Are?

A

Coiled lengths of DNA molecules.

48
Q

75th Percentile?

A

75% are lighter and 25% are heavier.

49
Q

The Nervous System Routine?

A 
Stimulus,
Receptor,
Sensory Neurone,
CNS,
Motor Neurone,
Effector,
Response.
50
Q

CNS Does What?

A

Decides what to do,

Coordinates a response.

51
Q

Sensory Neurone?

A

Log dendron carries nerve impulses from receptor cells to cell body,

One short axon carries impulses from cell body to CNS.

52
Q

Motor Neurone?

A

Short dendrites carry nerve impulses from CNS to cell body,

A long axon carries these impulses from cell body to effector cells.

53
Q

Relay Neurone?

A

Short dendrites carry impulses from sensory neurones to cell body,

An axon carries nerve impulses from cell body to motor neurones.

54
Q

Synapse?

A

Connection between two impulses,

Neurotransmitters are the chemicals that transfer this signal,

They diffuse between the synapse,

This synapse slows down the signal.

55
Q

Meiosis?

A

Production of sex cells.

56
Q

DNA Strands?

A

Polymers.

57
Q

Male Chromosomes?

A

XY

58
Q

Female Chromosomes?

A

XX

59
Q

Mutations Happen When?

A

Changes are made to the base sequences.

60
Q

How Do We Extract DNA From Fruit?

A

Mash the fruit,
Place salt and detergent in a beaker with the fruit,

The detergent breaks down the cell membrane to release the DNA,
The salt makes the DNA stick together,

Filter the mixture,
Add ice-cold alcohol to the filtered mixture,
The DNA will come out of the solution as it’s not soluble in cold alcohol,

It looks stringy and white.

61
Q

Human Genome Project?

A

Was to find every single human gene,

Allowed us to find 1800 genes related to disease,
Develop medicines,

People could discriminate those with certain genes.

62
Q

Natural Selection?

A

Survival of the fittest,

The strongest homo sapiens outlived all the other human’s because we were the fittest and mutated quicker.

63
Q

Physical Barriers To Stop Pathogens?

A

The skin is a barrier,
If it is damaged, blood clots quickly seal the cut to keep pathogens out,

Hairs and mucus trap particles that could contain pathogens,

Mucus created by trachea and bronchi trap pathogens,
Cilia sweeps this away.

64
Q

Chemical Barriers To Stop Pathogens?

A

Stomach produces hydraulic acid that kills the pathogens,

Eyes produce chemical called lysozyme (in tears) which kills the bacteria on surface of eye.

65
Q

Stages Of Drug Development?

A

Preclinical Testing:

1) Drugs are first tested on human cells and tissues in a lab,
2) Test drug on live animals,

Clinical Preclinical:

1) Human volunteers,
2) Healthy volunteers to prove there are no harmful side effects,
3) Sick volunteers (optimum does is found which means the dose that is most effective),
4) Some patients are given a fake drug and some are give the actual drug. This is a placebo effect.
5) Trials are blind, this means the patient doesn’t know if they’re getting the drug or the fake drug. They’re often double-blind meaningful doctor and the patient don’t know.

66
Q

Cholesterol?

A

Fatty substance that the body needs to make things like cell membrane. Too much cholesterol can cause fatty deposits to build up in arteries restricting blood flow.

67
Q

Treatments For Cardio Vascular Disease?

A

Lifestyle change,

Statins (Reduce the amount of cholesterol in the bloodstream. This slows down the rate at which fatty deposits can form. However, cause side effects like aching muscles and liver damage),

Drugs (Anticoagulant make blood clots less likely to form. However, this can cause excessive bleeding if the person is hurt in an accident),

Drugs (Antihypertensives reduce blood pressure which prevents damage to blood vessels. This reduces the risk of ratty deposits forming),

Surgical procedures.

68
Q

Surgical Procedure To Repair CVD Damage - Stents?

A

Stent tubes are inserted in arteries. They keep them open so blood can pass through the heart muscles,

This lowers risk of heart attacks,

Patient takes drugs to stop blood clotting on the stent,

Over time, the artery can narrow again as the stents can irate the artery and make scar tissue grow.

69
Q

Gene?

A

Something that codes for making a particular protein.

70
Q

How Many Nudleotides Code For 1 Amino Acid?

A

3 nucleotides.

71
Q

Nucleotide Diagram?

A

Circle -Phosphate,

Hexagon -Sugar,

Rectangle -Base.

72
Q

Food Moves Through Digestive System Theough?

A

Peristalsis.

73
Q

Daughter Cell?

A

The two new cells created after mitosis.

74
Q

Calculate The Number Of Cells After Mitosis?

A

Number of Cells = 2n,

E.g, if you have 1 cell and it goes through 5 divisions then the formula is 2 to the power of 5 (2 with little 5^),

2 to the power of 5 = 2x2x2x2x2,
Which is 32.

75
Q

Cell Differentiation?

A

The process at which a cell changes to become specialised for its job,

This allows multicellular organisms to work more efficiently.

76
Q

Cell Division?

A

This happens by mitosis.

77
Q

Cell Elongation?

A

This is when a plant expands and makes a cell bigger so the plant can grow.

78
Q

Meristems?

A

This happens in the tips and roots of plants,

It is cell division,

Plants contain stem cells which can be used to form tissues like xylem and phloem.

79
Q

Stem Cells Are Used In Medicine?

A

Adult stem cells can be used to sure some diseases such as sickle cell anaemia,

Stem cells taken from human embryo’s can be used to create specialised cells which replace damaged cells,

Using stem cells drone embryo raises ethical issues and some humans argue that is is wrong because embryos are potential human life’s.

80
Q

Risks Of Using Stem Cells?

A

Tumour Development

  • stem cells divide quickly,
  • if scientists are unable to control the stem cells, a tumour might develop,

Disease Transmission

  • virus’ live inside cells,
  • I’d donor stem cells are infected with a virus, the virus could be passed onto the resilient to make them sicker,

Rejection

  • if the transplanted cells aren’t growing in the patients own stem cells, the patients body may recognise that the cells are foreign and trigger an immune response,
  • the patient can take drugs to suppress the response but this makes them susceptible to disease.
81
Q

Nerve Cell Features?

A

Fatty insulation allows the nerves cell to send electrical impulses around the body,

This insulation is called a myelin sheath.

82
Q

How A Reflex Protects Eye?

A

Very bright light can damage the eye,

Light receptors in the eye defect a bright light and send messages along a sensory Neurone to the brain,

The message then travels along a relay Neurone to a motor neutrons which gels circular muscles in the iris to contract, making the pupil smaller.

83
Q

Synapse?

A

The connection between two neurones is called a synapse,

The nerve signal is transferred by chemicals called neurotransmitters which diffuse across the gap,

The neurotransmitters then set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone,

The neurotransmitters of a nervous impulse is very fast but it is slowed down a bit at the synapse because the diffusion takes time.

84
Q

Hominids?

A

Human beings and their ancestors are called Hominids.

85
Q

Polymer Is?

A

Repeating units.

86
Q

Advantage Of Reproducing Sexually?

A

Animals can take characteristics from both parents which allows for evolution and natural selection.

87
Q

Blocked Blood Vessel?

A

Healthy blood vessel can be taken from elsewhere in the body to bypass the blocked blood vessel,

This is called coronary bypass surgery.

88
Q

Surgical Procedure To Treat CVD - Heart Transplant?

A

Donor heart,

Drugs taken to stop rejection of the heart,

These drugs can have side effects, e.g. making you vulnerable to infection,

Heart surgery is a major procedure and there is a risk of bleeding, clots and infection.

89
Q

Arteries Are?

A

Blood vessels that carry bloody away from the heart.

90
Q

Plaque?

A

Cholesterol builds up where the artery wall has been damaged,

This causes a build up called a plaque.

Science (26 decks)

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