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Science > Chemistry || Fuels C20-C21 > Flashcards

Chemistry || Fuels C20-C21 Flashcards

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1
Q

Fractional Distillation?

A

Breaking up a substance with more than one boiling points,

Crude oil is broken down this way.

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2
Q

Non-Renewable Fuels?

A

A substance that is being used up quicker than it is being replaced.

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3
Q

Crude Oil?

A

Formed under high pressure and high temperature, under ground,

Formed by the remains of plants and animals,

Complex mixture of lots of hydrocarbons,

They contain alkanes.

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4
Q

Finite?

A

Will run out.

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5
Q

Infinite?

A

Lasts forever and doesn’t run out.

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6
Q

How Does Fractional Distillation Of Crude Oil Work?

A

Oil is heated until most of it turns to gas,

Gases enter a fractionating column,

Bitumen (the liquid part left of the crude oil) is drained off,

Callum has a temperature gradient,

Longer chains of hydrocarbons have a higher boiling point. They turn to liquid and drain off early on,

Shorter chains of hydrocarbons drain off later on at the top column.

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7
Q

Longer Hydrocarbons Have?

A

Higher boiling points,

Usually liquid at room temperature,

Harder to ignite because they have higher boiling points,

A high viscosity. They’re thick like treacle.

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8
Q

Shorter Hydrocarbons Have?

A

Lower boiling points,

Easy to ignore because they have lower boiling points,

Gas molecules mix with the oxygen molecules to form a gas mixture. This mixture will burst into flames when fire touches it. They are flammable,

They are usually gas at room temperature,

Lower viscosity. They’re a lot runnier.

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9
Q

Homologous Series?

A

Group of molecules which have the same general formula and share similar chemical properties.

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10
Q

Homologous Series Of Hydrocarbons?

A

Alkanes and Alkenes.

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11
Q

What Determines Hydrocarbons Features?

A

The size of the hydrocarbon determines the boiling points of the fraction,

Physical properties of hydrocarbons are determined by the Intermolecular forces of the molecules.

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12
Q

Intermolecular Forces Are?

A

Stronger between larger molecules,

Weaker between smaller molecules,

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13
Q

Viscosity?

A

Measures how easily a substance flows,

The longer the hydrocarbon, the stronger the Intermolecular forces,

This makes it harder for the liquid to flow.

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14
Q

Combustion Reactions?

A

When you burn a hydrocarbon in oxygen, they give out lots of energy,

A combustion reaction is an example of a exothermic reaction,

Two types of combustion are Incomplete and Complete Combustion.

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15
Q

Complete Combustion?

A

Hydrocarbon + Oxygen ——> Carbon Dioxide + Water,

Complete combustion happens when you burn hydro carbs in plenty of oxygen.

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16
Q

Incomplete Combustion?

A

Hydrocarbon + Oxygen ——> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Carbon Monoxide,

Incomplete combustion happens when you burn a hydrocarbon in a limited supply of oxygen,

Carbon Monoxide is TOXIC.

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17
Q

Carbon Monoxide?

A

TOXIC,

Can combine with haemoglobin in red blood cells which stops the blood cells from connecting with oxygen,

A limited supply of oxygen in the brain can cause fainting, coma or even death.

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18
Q

Soot?

A

Spot is carbon monoxide,

When incomplete combustion takes place, it can enter the atmosphere and fall to the ground,

This looks like black dust and is called spot,

Spot makes buildings look dirty and causes respiratory problems. It also reduces air quality.

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19
Q

Acid Rain Production?

A

Fossil fuels burn to release mostly CO2,

They can also release sulphur Dioxide and nitrogen oxides,

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) comes from sulphur impurities in fossil fuels,

It then mixed with the water vapour in the air and cloud to form dilute sulphuric acid,

This falls as ACID RAIN!

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20
Q

What Does Acid Rain Cause?

A

Lakes and ponds can become acidic,

Kills tress and many plants,

Animals can die,

Damages limestone building and stone statues,

Can make metal erode a lot quicker.

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21
Q

Nitrogen Oxide?

A

Created from reaction between nitrogen and oxygen,

Caused by energy released from combustion reactions,

Harmful pollutant and can contribute to ACID RAIN,

Can cause photochemical smog but only at ground level.

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22
Q

Photochemical Smog?

A

Type of air pollution,

Can cause breathing difficulties, headaches and tiredness.

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23
Q

Positives About Hydrogen As Fuel?

A

Clean fuel,

Only waste product is water,

Hydrogen is obtained from water which is a renewable source,

Won’t ever run out (infinite).

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24
Q

Negatives About Hydrogen As Fuel?

A

Needs a special, expensive engine,

Hydrogen gas needs to be manufactured which is also expensive,

To manufacture hydrogen, industry needs energy. This energy must come from somewhere (fossil fuels?),

Hydrogen is not available at gas stations and it is also hard to store.

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25
Q

Cracking?

A

Braking long chain molecules into smaller chain molecules,

Form of thermal decomposition,

A catalyst is often used in cracking,

Cracking produces lots of alkene molecules.

26
Q

Saturated Alkane?

A

A long chain molecule is an example of a saturated alkane.

27
Q

Unsaturated Alkane?

A

A short chain molecule is an example of a saturated alkane,

IT CAN ALSO BE AN ALKENE IF ITS SHORT CHAIN.

28
Q

Alkenes?

A

Turn to polymers,

They’re used for making plastics,

Release when cracking takes place.

29
Q

Thermal Decomposition?

A

When one substance is broken down into at least two new substances.

30
Q

Why Does Cracking Take Place?

A

There is a higher demand for petrol and diesel (which are smaller chain hydrocarbons) than for bitumen and fuel oil.

31
Q

Cracking Process?

A

Hydrocarbons are vaporised through heating,

Passed over a powdered catalyst (Aluminium Oxide),

Put under a temperature of 400-700 degrees,

Put under pressure of 70 ATM,

Long chain molecules break on the surface of the catalyst,

Leaves short chain molecules.

32
Q

What Was The Earth Like Before?

A

Earths surface was originally molten for millions of years,

There was hardly any atmosphere because of this,

Surface cooled and left thin crust,

Volcanoes erupted to release:

  • Steam,
  • Methane,
  • Ammonia.
33
Q

How Did Oxygen Enter Atmosphere?

A

Cyanobacteria feeds off sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide and methane and produces oxygen,

Developed in atmosphere which killed off lots of organisms that couldn’t tolerate it,

Complex animals evolved with oxygen,

Oxygen created Ozone Layer which blocks harmful rays of sun and enabled evolvement of plants.

34
Q

What Happened To Carbon Dioxide?

A

Dissolved into the oceans,

This Carbon was then used to form shells on sea creatures,

A lot of CO2 got locked in fossil fuels and sedimentary rocks (layered rocks).

35
Q

Nitrogen Gas Production Happened How?

A

Nitrogen (N2) was released by denitrifying bacteria,

Ammonia reacted with oxygen to form nitrogen,

N2 is not very reactive so it increased in atmosphere because it was being made but not broken down as much.

36
Q

C02 Increasing In Atmosphere?

A

C02 is increasing in today’s atmosphere because of:

Human population increasing so more people breathing out carbon dioxide,

More people cooking and heating,

More transport,

Energy demand per person is increasing,

Deforestation (plants remove CO2),

CO2 produces by volcanos erupting.

37
Q

Greenhouse Effect?

A

Sun gives out electromagnetic radiation,

Some of this radiation passes through the atmosphere. Electromagnetic radiation with SHORT wavelengths pass through the atmosphere,

This radiation passing through the atmosphere warms our Earth,

Green house gases include Carbon Dioxide.

38
Q

Green House Effect Process?

A

Earth absorbs short wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation from the sun,

Radiated this radiation as longer wavelengths,

This longer wavelength is INFRARED,

Some of this infrared reflects onto Earth again because it hits greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere,

Some of this infrared is absorbed by the greenhouse gases,

Some of this infrared is emitted back into space,

This absorption and reflection of infrared is what heats the earth,

THIS IS CALLED THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT!

39
Q

Concentration Of Greenhouse Gases Increase?

A

The Earth gets warmer.

40
Q

Current Method Of Measuring Carbon Dioxide Levels?

A

Instrumental Sampling.

41
Q

To Prevent Global Warming?

A

Cut down on carbon dioxide emissions,

Walking and cycling instead of taking a car,

Turn down central heating.

42
Q

Effects Of Global Warming?

A

Causes flooding,

Causes ice caps to melt,

Causes rainfall patterns to change.

43
Q

Methane In Atmosphere Today?

A

Methane is increasing in the atmosphere today due to increased human activity,

We farm more cattle than ever before. Methane is produces in intestines of some animals such as cows,

Methane is only a small amount in atmosphere at the minute,

However, it is super effective green house gas so little goes a long way.

44
Q

Historical Data Of Atmosphere?

A

It is less accurate,

Less data was taken then,

Fewer locations,

Methods were less accurate.

45
Q

How We Find Historical Data Of Atmosphere?

A

Analyse fossils,

Tree rings,

Gas bubbles.

46
Q

4.1 Billion Years Ago On Earth?

A

No oxygen,

Only rocks,

Rocks contain iron pyrite and iron carbonate.

47
Q

3 Billion Years Ago On Earth?

A

Oldest fossil fuels have been found from this year,

Oxygen started being produced by Cyanobacteria.

48
Q

2.4 Billion Years Ago On Earth?

A

Oxygen collects in the atmosphere,

Rocks have oxygen in,

Iron oxide is found in rocks from this era.

49
Q

1.8 Billion Years Ago On Earth?

A

Different type of iron oxide in rocks,

This type of iron oxide can only be produce when there is a lot of oxygen in the atmosphere,

This proves how oxygen has increased over millions of years.

50
Q

Chemical Test For Oxygen?

A

Relight a glowing split.

51
Q

Chemical Test For Carbon Dioxide?

A

Lime water turns milky.

52
Q

Chemical Test For Water?

A

Cobalt Chloride Paper will turn from blue to pink.

53
Q

Early Atmosphere Made Of?

A

Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen.

54
Q

Later Atmosphere Made Of?

A

Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, Water and Oxygen.

55
Q

Today’s Atmosphere Made Of?

A

70% Nitrogen,

21% Oxygen,

Rest is Carbon Dioxide and other.

56
Q

Types Of Hydrocarbons?

A

Methane,

Petrol,

Kerosene (Paraffin),

Diesel Oil,

Fuel Oil,

Bitumen.

57
Q

Methane Uses?

A

For domestic cooking and heating.

58
Q

Petrol Uses?

A

Fuel in cars.

59
Q

Kerosene Uses?

A

Fuel in aircraft.

60
Q

Diesel Oil?

A

Fuel in some cars and larger vehicles such as trains.

61
Q

Fuel Oil Uses?

A

Fuel for larger shops and also in some power stations.

62
Q

Bitumen Uses?

A

Surface roads and roofs.

Science (26 decks)

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