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► Med Misc 44 > Physics and Chemistry > Flashcards

Physics and Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

vapor pressures for VAA’s are at what temperature?

A

20 degrees C

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2
Q

Whats the Vapor Pressure? Sevoflurane

A

170 mmHg (7-sevo0

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3
Q

Whats the Vapor Pressure? Enflurane

A

172 mmHg

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4
Q

Whats the Vapor Pressure? Isoflurane

A

240 mmHg

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5
Q

Whats the Vapor Pressure? Halothane

A

244 mmHg

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6
Q

Whats the Vapor Pressure? Desflurane

A

669 mmHg (des 6)

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7
Q

is the vapor pressure a function of volume, temperature, or pressure?

A

temperature

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8
Q

the pressure at which the gaseous state is in equilibrium with either the liquid or solid state, or with both is known as what?

A

the saturated vapor pressure (SVP)

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9
Q

Volatile agent in a flask is an ex of whose law

A

daltons

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10
Q

if Iso is added to a flask of Oxygen, what is the percent of oxygen and percent of iso In the flask above the liquid?

A

the VP of iso is 240 mmHg the Partial pressure of oxygen is 760 mmHg
The partial pressure of O2 after Iso is added is 520 mmHg (760-240=520mmHg)
%O2 = (520mmHg / 760 mmHg) x 100% = 68.4% O2
%iso = (240mmHg / 760 mmHg) x 100% = 31.6% iso

Formula is %gas = P gas / P total

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11
Q

Adding VAA to the wrong vaporizer:

what are the mnemonics?

A

HLH- high VP in Low VP = High concentration delivered

LHL- Low VP in High VP = Low concentration delivered

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12
Q

If halothane is added to Enflurane or servo what concentration will be delivered?

A

hal- 244 enf 172 Sevo 170
HLH
High concentration delivered

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13
Q

If halothane is added to iso vaporizer what concentration would be delivered?

A

Halothane 244 Iso 240

about the same

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14
Q

If ENF or Sevo added to Halothane or Iso vaporizer what concentration would be delivered?

A

ENF 172 sevo 170 Hal 244 iso 240
LHL
Low concentration

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15
Q

Desflurane vaporizer is heated to what temp

A

39 degrees C

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16
Q

why is des vaporizer heated

A

it is heated to almost 2 atmospheric pressures, this high pressure drives des to the gas outlet where it’s diluted

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17
Q

unit conversions:

1 mmHg = ____ cm H2O

A

1.36 cmH2O

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18
Q

unit conversions:

1 atm = ____ mmHg = ___psi = ___kPa = ___ bar

A

1 atm = 760mmHg = 14.7 psi = 101 kPa = 1 bar

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19
Q

1 psi = ____ mmHg

A

54mmHg

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20
Q

what are gauges that measure HIGH pressures (cylinder pressures)

A

bourdon gauges

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21
Q

do Bourdon pressure gauges measure th pressure relative to atmospheric pressure or the absolute pressue

A

the pressure relative to atmospheric pressure

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22
Q

when the Bourdon gauge reads 0 the pressure inside the cylinder is equal to what?

A

atmospheric pressure

23
Q

what is the formula for the law of laplace? cylindrically- shaped structures

A

T=P x r
T= wall tension
P= pressure
r = radius

24
Q

Law of laplace:

states that as the structure expands (radius increases) the tension (force) in the wall of the structure does what?

A

Increases

25
Q

Law of laplace:

application

A

a cappillary will withstand a pressure of 100mmHg for better than a vein, b/c the capillary has a tiny radius compared to a vein, so the tension in the wall of the capillary is extraordinarily smaller than that in the vein

26
Q

Law of laplace:

Application

A

an aortic aneurysm is much more likely to rupture than a normal segment of the aorta b/c the radius is much larger, thereby increasing the tension on the wall to the “breaking point”

27
Q

who’s law states that the greater the tension in ventricular wall at end diastole, the greater the stroke volume

A

frank-starling law

28
Q

law of laplace: Spherically shaped

what is an ex of a spherically shaped structure

A

alveoli

29
Q

law of laplace: Spherically shaped

what is the formula

A

T= P x r / 2

or 2T= P x r

30
Q

law of laplace: Spherically shaped

facts

A

tension is independent of radius for all spheres where there is a liquid-air interface (soap bubble. the pressure inside the bubble will change with its size. the smaller the radius of the bubble the greater the pressure inside the bubble.

31
Q

how does the law of laplace: Spherically shaped apply to alveoli? with ARDS

A

b/c pressure in the smaller alveoli is higher than th larger alveoli.
the law of laplace explains why smaller alveoli empty into larger alveoli causing atelectasis in pts w/ ARDS

32
Q

how does the law of laplace: Spherically shaped apply to alveoli? with Normal lungs

A

for alveoli with surfactant , tension increases w/ increases in radius, b/c alveolar wall tension increases in proportion to increases in radius, the pressure within the alveolus does not change. the law of laplace explains why small alveoli do not empty into larger alveoli

33
Q

Flow of liquids:

Laminar (streamlined) flow is described mathematically by whose law

A

hagen-Poiseulle’s law

34
Q

Flow of liquids:

with laminar flow where is flow the fastest

A

Middle

35
Q

Flow of liquids:

w/ laminar flow, what is the flow like against the wall

A

zero flow (think of why plaque builds up in arteries)

36
Q

what is the formula for flow

A

Q= pie x radius^4 x pressure gradient / 8 x viscosity x length
Look at page 306 to see pic

37
Q

Flow of liquids:

doubling the radius increases flow by how much

A

16 times

38
Q

Flow of liquids:

what factor alters flow the most?

A

radius

39
Q

what is the property of a fluid that determines flow when the flow in laminar

A

viscosity

40
Q

Flow of liquid:

is it directly or inversely proportional to radius

A

directly- doubling the radius increases flow by 16 times

41
Q

Flow of liquid:

is it directly or inversely proportional to hydrostatic pressure gradient?

A

directly- rising the IV pole increases hydrostatic pressure in the fluid delivered to the pt via gravity.

42
Q

Flow of liquid:

is it directly or inversely proportional to viscosity

A

Inversely- thicker blood slower flow

43
Q

Flow of liquid:

is it directly or inversely proportional to length

A

inversely- reducing the needle length increases flow.

44
Q

Flow of liquid:

what is the formula for resistance

A

R= change in pressure / flow

45
Q

what are 4 things that increase turbulent flow

A

Faster flow
Bigger tubes
Density increased
Viscosity decreased

46
Q

resistance to flow (increases or decreases) when flow becomes turbulant

A

increases

47
Q

what is the name the predicts when flow through a cylinder tube changes from laminar to turbulent

A

Reynolds number

48
Q

when the Reynolds number exceeds _____ - _____ flow changes from laminar to turbuilant

A

1500-2,000 (2,000 is the magical number)

49
Q

when flow in turbulent what determines flow?

A

density

-this is why we use helium (its density is lower and and better for obstructions)

50
Q

who’s principle does the venturi effect full under

A

Bernoulli’s principle

51
Q

when fluid flows through a constricted region of a tube (venturi tube) the velocity of the flow does what?

A

increases (think of a narrowing of a stream - it gets faster)

52
Q

when fluid flows through a constricted region of a tube (venturi tube) the velocity of the flow INCREASES and the lateral pressure (pressure exerted by the fluid on the walls of the tube) does what?

A

Decreases (think thats why you can park a boat on a deck int he river the walls have less pressure)

53
Q

when fluid flows through a constricted region of a tube (venturi tube) the velocity of the flow INCREASES and the lateral pressure (pressure exerted by the fluid on the walls of the tube) DECREASES what effect is this termed

A

Bernoulli effect

► Med Misc 44 (72 decks)

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