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NE3 > phys of reward > Flashcards

phys of reward Flashcards

1
Q

what is the central tenet of reward?

A

dopamine is invlved in reward seeking behaviors

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2
Q

where can dopamine fibers go and how?

A

via VTA

to nucleus accumbens

hippocampus

amygdala

prefrontal cortex

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3
Q

what does hypothalamus do in the reward system?

A

initiates neuroendocrne and viceral responses to reward by integrating all inputs

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4
Q

what is motivation?

A

process that mediates goal directed responses

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5
Q

what is reinforcement?

A

consequnce of learned behaviors that alters probability that it will be repeated

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6
Q

what is saliency?

A

something important to pay attention to

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7
Q

what is reward

A

objects, stimuli that have positive value

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8
Q

what is aversion?

A

negative reinforcment of behavior, need to avoid

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9
Q

what is pleasure?

A

positive sensation that promotes behaviors that allow survival

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10
Q

what does DA have to do with pleasure?

A

encodes discrepancy between reward predictions and information about actual rewards

sends this info to brain regions involved with rewards learning

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11
Q

what does an unpredicted award do?

A

causes an activation

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12
Q

what does a predicted award do?

A

nothing

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13
Q

what if you dont get a predicted reward?

A

depression

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14
Q

whats assigns value to reward?

A

events that preceded delivery of reward

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15
Q

what happens with repeated drug use and rewards?

what happens to an individuals choices?

A

repetition of reward prediction error signals continues to reinforce drug related cues and behavior

develops bias towards drug that strengthens drug use

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16
Q

what happens with natural reward mecanism?

A

produce error correcting DA-RPE signals only until predictions match actual events

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17
Q

what do drugs of abuse do with DA? why is this relevant

A

increase extracellular DA concentrations, esp in limbic regions such as NA

provide longer and larder increases in DA than natural reinforcers

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18
Q

do drugs directly increase DA?

A

some do (amphetamine, meth, cocaine)

some work indirectly via neuron receptors (nicotine, alcohol, opiates)

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19
Q

how are DA and salience related?

A

drug induced increases in dopamine will make you look for more

stimuli associated with the drug can elicit desire for drug

this is why relapse happens!

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20
Q

what does mesolimbic system consist of ? what does it utilize

A

nucleus accumbens

VTA

limbic system

PFC

utilizes dopamine, but other thing too such as GABA

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21
Q

what is the main purpose of NA?

A

suppress sensation of pleasure/reward

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22
Q

how is NA activated?

A

constitutively by constant trickle of EAA like glutamate

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23
Q

what kind of neurons are NA? what do they do

A

gaba ergic, which causes them to inhibit their target, PFC

consitutitive inhibition of PFC keeps brain in reward neutral state

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24
Q

what happens when you do something to get a reward?

A

VTA get activated

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25
Q

how does the reward circuit work?

A

dopaminergic neurons from VTA go to A

DA released on NA

inhibits NA neurons

NA activity decreases

results in pleasure

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26
Q

how does VTA get activated?

A

activated by EAA from PFC

DTA (AcH)

or Hypothalamus (orexin)

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27
Q

what do NA do to VTA?

A

inhibit it via GABA

require dynorphin

stops reward process

28
Q

what receptor does dynorphin bind to?

A

kappa opioid on VTA

29
Q

explain reward feedback circuit

A

NA releases GABA on VTA

dynorphin is co transmitter

stops DA from being released by VTA

30
Q

what can activate VTA via mu receptor?

A

exercise, ethanol, and other activities

31
Q

how do EAA, Ach, orexin and opioids affect VTA? NA? PFC? what happens

A

inhibit local interneurons on VTA, disinhibit dopaminergic neurons

activate local interneurons of NA, inhibit gabaergic neurons

activate PFC

profound state of euphoria

32
Q

how do drugs affect reward due to dopamine release?

A

can enhance dopamine release from VTA

33
Q

how do drugs reinforce behavior that has no benefit?

A

dopamine signal in NA not proportional to stimuli

34
Q

how do drugs cause reward for behavior to be sense of pleasure derived?

A

enhanced euphoria and exaggerated reward

35
Q

how does addiction occur?

A

chronic drug exposure that alters morphology of neurons in dopamine related circuits

drugs alter expression of certain transcription factors at cellular level

also affect proteins involved with neurotransmission in brain region regulated by dopamine

36
Q

what neurotransmitters are affected during addiction?

A

glutamate, gaba, opioids, serotonin

37
Q

where re there abnormal neurotransmitter levels in addicted people brains?

what does this do

A

mesocortical region of the brain

plays role in aberrant behaviors such as poor inhibition and relapse

38
Q

what does orbitofrontal cortex control?

A

involved in compulsive behavior

when abuser encounters certain persons or things

39
Q

what does cingulate gyrus do?

A

regulates disinhibition

40
Q

what creates lasting memories about good feelings and environment in which they occur?

A

hippocampus, uses circuitry that amygdala uses

41
Q

what is amygdala used for?

A

circuitry for memories to mediate cravings

42
Q

how can memory affect abusers?

A

seek out more drugs despite obstacles

43
Q

what contributes to memory for abusers?

A

hippocampus

amygdala

orbitofrontal cortex

44
Q

how is memory formed?

A

increase in synaptic strength

strong stimulation repeatedly

phosphorylaion of AMPA receptors and more AMPA receptors

activation of calcium-calmodulin-CREB

45
Q

what does CREB do and where?

A

with NA, targes dynorphin

within LC: mediates physical dependency

returns to normal after drugs stop

46
Q

how does physical dependency happen?

A

too much noradrenergic output from LC

CREB upregulation of genes in LC

47
Q

what is FosB, what happens to it?

A

AP1*

upregulated by stress and drug abuse

upregulates EAA receptors
upregs cell signal transduction pathways
upregs factors promoting drug seeking

48
Q

how long does it take for changes to FosB to occur?

A

months to years!

49
Q

what induces associative learning?

A

sufficiently large DA, such as by drugs in NA

50
Q

what does conditioning trigger?

A

phasic DA firing in VTA resulting in large, short lived increases of DA

reflects expectation of reward

51
Q

whats te difference between drugs of abuse and natural reinforcers?

A

natural stop firing when event stops

drug abuse keeps firing

52
Q

what do conditioned responses do?

A

provide cues to drug taking in specific circumstances

reinforced by aspects of the drug taking process

53
Q

wat do drug addicted cues do in addicts?

A

elicits drug urges and physiological responses

activation of reward circuits

54
Q

how does fearing drug withdrawal affect drug use?

A

becomes cue for drug use, conditioned to useto avoid witdrawal

55
Q

what is fear conditioning?

A

learning that one behavior leads to something bad

56
Q

what alters subjective value assigned to stimuli in circuit?

what does it do as a result

A

dopamine, affects memory consolidation

57
Q

how can dopamine affect stimuli?

A

alter conditions thru which fear occurs

alter association itself

gives value to fearful stimuli

58
Q

why can DA affect learned experiences so much?

A

so many dopamine receptors and cascade pathways

59
Q

is conditioning relevant to many addictions?

A

yes

60
Q

in the non addicted brain, explain saliency of substances and conditiioned cues

A

saliency of drugs is low

substance cues are low, brain inhibits drive to seek
substances

conditioned cues have no influence on saliency

61
Q

in the addicted brain, explain saliency of substances and conditiioned cues

A

saliency of drugs is higher

overrides PFC control of behavior, cant inhibit drive to seek substances

conditioned cues reinforce saliency, increasing substance seekin behavior

saliency of substances overrides saliency of natural rewards

62
Q

what does VTA do?

A

prediction error between expected outcome and actual reward

63
Q

what does NA do?

A

salience to stimuli

mediate decisions that seek a desirable situation

64
Q

what does hippocampus do?

A

place and direction contextual info about environement in which stimuli is experienced

65
Q

what do substantia nigra and dorsal striatum do?

A

motor response associated with going towards desirable cue to elicit reward

66
Q

acutre stress does what to DA?

A

increases DA release in NA

67
Q

chronic stress does what with DA? why?

A

induces dopamine release that was one associated with pleasure, switches emotional response to acute stressors

divergent action between CRF1 and CRF2 receptors in NA

NE3 (15 decks)

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