learning and memory Flashcards
what allows us modify our behavior based on info?
learning and memory
what is procedural memory?
implicity, reflexive
skills and habits that are used so much, intrinsic now
what are the substrates to develop procedural memory?
cerebellum (motor)
nucleus accumbens (non motor)
what is declarative memory? what are the 2 types
conscious recall of learned facts and experiences
episodic: events
semantic: words, language
what are the substrates to develop declarative memory?
same as procedural
how long does short term memory to last?
seconds to hours
how long does long term memory last?
years
how long does working memory last? what is it
recalling fact/memory for use
subset of short term memory
what is required to make memories?
neuronal and spastic plasticity
what is plasticity?
alterations of CNS
altered synapse function
physical structure of neurons changed
- more synapses
- new branches
- new dendrites, new soma
how can synaptic functioning be altered
post tetanic stimulation
long term potentiation
what happens with post tetanic stimulation
brief, high frequency discharge of neuron
increase in NT release, lasts 60 seconds
increase AP in post synaptic cells
whats the mechanism of post tetanic stimulation?
more Ca enters terminal than can be dealt with
greater NT release
what is long term potentiation (LTP)?
change in pre and post synaptic neurons
more NT released to create larger response via NMDA receptors
for LTP, when Ca comes into cell, what happens?
calcium binds to calmodulin
increase AC, makes more cAMP
phosphorylates AMPA receptor
causes more Na to come in , responding to EAA
*also calcineurin activated, makes NO
in a normal LTP, what does NO do?
diffuses out of cell
increases cGMP and NT release
What does LTP increase gene transcription for? how is it relevant?
creb
link between synaptic functioning and structural changes
what does creb cause? what does it induce
changes in pre and post synaptic cell structure
enzymes made
receptors made
structural proteins made
makes new synapses!
how is protein synthesis relevant to making memories?
learning and the formation of new memories can be blocked by protein synthesis
what are the 4 steps in making declarative memories?
- encoding
- storage
- consolidation
- retrieval
what is encoding?
attending to new info and link it to previous info
emotion is important
what is the storage of info?
retention of info over time, mostly short term
long term capacity is not limited
what is the substrrate for short term memory?
hippocampus
parahippocampal cortex
prefrontal cortex
relies on long term potentiation!
also connections between neocortex and amygdala (nucleus basalis of meynert)
what is a cholinergic projection that is a target for alzheimers
nucleus basalis of meynert
what is short term memory?
temporary storehouse for memory
what happens during consolidation?
make memory permanent
physical changes to synapses
what is involved with colslidating memories?
hippocampus
temporal lobes
papez circuit
describe papez circuit, wat does it do?
hypothalamus
to
anterior thalamus
to
cingulate cortex
to
hippocampus
and back
over and over again to make to consolidate
consolidation from short to long term potentation does what?
papez circuit fires again and again to make
LTP and neuronal plasticity
eventually you dont need limbic system to have memories
where is long term memory stored?
stored in cortex wherever related to modality
what is long term memory recalled by?
neocortex
parahippocampal gyrus
hippocampus
whats the first step of memory recall?
info from each component of memory sent to
parahippocampal region
whats the role of hippocampus in recall?
where does it send this info?
gets info from parahippocampal region
reconstructs entire memory
sends it to cortex via parahippocampus
whats so special about parahippocampus in regards to memory?
prolongs life of cortical trace of memory
whats the three components of working memory?
central executive
phonological loop
visuospatial loop
whats the central executive, whats its job
decides what memory you need
receives loops
“prefrontal cortex”
what is the phonological loop?
brocas and wernickes
provide auditory info related to memory
what is the visuospatial loop?
occipital cortex relating to vision
provide visual info related to memory
what kind of long term memory does hippocampus store?
how?
memory of space, using CA1 cells called place cells
what do place cells do?
respond to features in space, most strongly if there is reward associated
what are the inputs for place cells?
grid cells
head direction cells(wheres your head)
border neurons (if your next to wall)
what do grid cells do?
part of enthorinal complex
create a map of place you are in (grid or hexagonal map)
how does spatial memory work?
map of physical space creates memory
scaffold for recreating entire memory
