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NE3 > intro to endocrine > Flashcards

intro to endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

what does endocrine system do?

A

regulate multiple organs to meet growth and reproduction demands

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2
Q

what are the classic endocrine organs?

A

hypothalamus

pituitary

thyroid

parathyroid

adrenal

gonads

endocrine pancreas

placenta

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3
Q

which orgnas make hormones but thats not their main function?

A

adipose

heart

liver

kidney

GI Tract

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4
Q

which hormones are modified peripherally

A

angiotensin II, vitamin D

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5
Q

what are the three categories of hormones?

A

protein

steroid

amines

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6
Q

whats special about peptide hormones?

A

stored in secretory vesicles

water soluble

more than 100 aa, proteins

less than 100aa, peptides

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7
Q

whats special about steroid hormones

A

made from cholesterol

lipid soluble

not stored

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8
Q

where do amine hormones come from?

A

tyrosine

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9
Q

how are peptide hormones made?

A

made from preprohormone

in ER this becomes prohormone

this is packed into vesicles

enzymes cleave this to form functional hormone

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10
Q

what causes release of peptide hormone from secretory vesicles?

A

endocrine cell stimulus causes release of hormone

more intracellular Ca

increased cAMP and PkA

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11
Q

where are steroid hormones made?

A

adrenal cortex
gonads
corpus luteum
placenta

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12
Q

how are steroid hormones made?

A

from cholesterol

add or remove side chaines
hyroxylate or aromatize steroid nucleus

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13
Q

what are the two groups of amine hormones?

A

catecholamines

and

thyroid hormones

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14
Q

how are catecholamines made? how do they act

A

made in cytosol and secretory granules

act through cell membrane receptors

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15
Q

how are thyroid hormones made? how do they act

A

made in thyroid , stored as thyroglobulin in follicles

act as nuclear receptors

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16
Q

explain the neural mechanism of secretion

give an example

A

neural input to endocrine cell increases or decreases secretion

example: sympathetic preganglionic innervation of adrenal medulla: causes catecholamines to be released

17
Q

explain the feedback mechanism of secretion

A

most common

element of pathway feeds back on endocrine to change secretion rate

18
Q

explain positive feedback

A

hormonal action causes more hormone to be made

leads to explosive event, such as ovulation

19
Q

explain negative feedback

A

most common

hormone inhibits further secretion of hormone

gives stability by keeping a barrier to physiology

20
Q

what is long loop feedback

A

3rd tier feeds back to 1st and 2nd tier

21
Q

what is short loop feedback

A

2nd tier hormone feeds back to 1st tier

22
Q

what is ultra short loop feedback

A

gland inhibits its own secretion

23
Q

how is hypothalamus regulated?

A

by descending and ascending neuronal inputs

24
Q

what are the major inputs to regulate the hypothalamus, what do they do?

A

SCN: circadian rhythm on secretion of hypothalamic hormone release

Pineal: releases melatonin, which feedbacks to SCN regarding day and night

physiological stress influences hypothalamus

25
Q

what confers specificity to hormone actions?

A

hormone receptor complex

26
Q

responsiveness to target tissue is expressed as what?

A

dose response relationship

concentration that produces 50% of maximal response is senitivity

27
Q

how can hormone responsiveness be changed?

A

change the # of receptors

change the affiniy of receptors for the hormone

28
Q

when does upregulation happen and how?

A

when hormone levels are low

increase the number of receptors
decrease degradation of existing receptors
activate receptors

29
Q

when doe downregulation happen and how?

A

too much hormone

decrease receptor synthesis
increase degradation of receptors
inactivate receptors

30
Q

what hormones use AC as their effector? whats he secon messenger? second effector?

A

ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH, Glucagon

2nd mess: cAMP

Secon effector: PKA

31
Q

what hormones use phospholipase C as their effector? whats he secon messenger? second effector?

A

GnRH, TRH, oxytocin

2nd messenger: IP3/DAG/Ca

2nd effector: PKC or calmodulin

32
Q

what are the 6 steps of steroid hormone action?

A
  1. unbound hormons fuse into target cell only
  2. receptors are in cytoplasm or nucleus
  3. binds to DNA, repress or activate genes
  4. activated genes make mRNA, goes to cytoplasm
  5. translation produced new protein

6steroid hormones bind to receptors that use second messenger systems to create rapid cell responses

33
Q

what does guanalyl cyclase do

A

converts GTP to cGMP

results in relaxation of vascular smooth muscle (NO)

34
Q

what do receptor tyrosine kinases do?

A

have tyrosine kinase activity

phosphorylates downstream proteins

35
Q

what do tyrosine kinase associated receptors do?

A

associate non covalently to proteins that have kinase activity

phosphorylates downstream proteins

36
Q

what is autocrine?

A

acts on itself

37
Q

what is paracrine

A

acts on cells near it

38
Q

what is endocrine

A

acts on cells through blood stream

39
Q

what is neuroendocrine

A

nerve acts on cells through blood stream

NE3 (15 decks)

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