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PHRM 825 > PHRM 825: Micronutrition > Flashcards

PHRM 825: Micronutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Estimated average requirement (EAR) definition

A

The amount of nutrient estimated to meet the need of 50% of the healthy individuals in an age and gender group

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2
Q

Recommended dietary allowance (RDA) definition

A
  • Two standard deviations above the EAR

- Sufficient to meet the need of nearly all (97-98%) healthy individuals in a group

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3
Q

Adequate intake (AI) definition

A
  • Used when scientific evidence is inadequate to set an EAR

- Approximations of the average nutrient intake by a healthy population

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4
Q

Tolerable upper intake level (UL) definition

A

Max level of daily intake of a nutrient without any health risk

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5
Q

Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council meets every _____ years to make recommendations on dietary reference intakes

A

6-10

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6
Q

List of fat-soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

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7
Q

Deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins is ____

A

Rare

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8
Q

List of water-soluble vitamins

A

Vitamin B’s and vitamin C

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9
Q

Water-soluble vitamins are readily excreted in ____

A

urine

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10
Q

List of macrominerals

A

Ca+2, Mg+2

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11
Q

Trace minerals list

A

Iron, iodine, zinc, copper, selenium, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, fluoride, boron

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12
Q

Vitamin definition

A

Organic compounds that are essential in the diet to promote and regulate body functions

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13
Q

How were vitamins named?

A

In the order of their discovery

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14
Q

Fat-soluble and water soluble vitamins are grouped into 2 different groups that share similar ___, ___, and ___ properties

A

absorption, excretion, and storage

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15
Q

Vitamin A is produced from ____

A

Carotenoids

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16
Q

Vitamin A deficiency may cause ____

A

Night blindness

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17
Q

Vitamin A is also known as

A

Retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid

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18
Q

Delta-cis-retinal reversibly associates with ____ and function as _____

A

opsins; light sensor

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19
Q

What gives carrots their orange color and what vitamin does it come from?

A

Beta-carotine; Vitamin A

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20
Q

What gives carrots their orange color and what vitamin does it come from?

A

Beta-carotine; Vitamin A

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21
Q

Retinoic acid function as _____, regulating _____

A

steroid hormone; cell growth and differentiation

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22
Q

Retinoic acid associates with 2 _____

A

Nuclear receptors

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23
Q

The names of the nuclear receptors that retinoic acid associates with are

A

Retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoic X receptors (RXR)

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24
Q

Carotenoids are effective _____ and may reduce the risk of _____

A

Antioxidante; cancers

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25
Q

Vitamin A is stored in the ____ as ____

A

Liver as retinol palmitate

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26
Q

Dietary sources of vitamin A

A

dark green and yellow vegetables, liver, egg yolk, butter, and whole milk

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27
Q

Vitamin A deficiency is ____

A

Rare

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28
Q

Americans consume less than ____ of the recommended daily value of vitamin A

A

2/3

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29
Q

Vitamin D functions as ____ maintaining ______ homeostasis

A

steroid hormones; calcium

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30
Q

Vitamin D is synthesized from an intermediate in

A

cholesterol synthesis

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31
Q

Which vitamin is produced photochemically in the skin

A

Vitamin D

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32
Q

Insufficient exposure to sunlight may cause _____ deficiency

A

Vitamin D

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33
Q

Vitamin D deficiency causes ____ in children and ____ in adults

A

Rickets and osteomalacia

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34
Q

Dietary sources of vitamin D

A

Vitamin D milk, saltwater fish, liver, egg yolk

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35
Q

Vitamin D occurs in the diet as ____ and ____

A

tocopherols and tocotrienols

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36
Q

Vitamin E is a naturally occurring _____ which protects ____

A

antioxidant; unsaturated fatty acids

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37
Q

Vitamin E accumulates in what?

A
  • Circulating lipoproteins
  • Cellular membranes
  • Fat deposits
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38
Q

Vitamin E reduces the risk of _____ by preventing _____

A

Cardiovascular disease; oxidation of LDL

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39
Q

The oxidized form of LDL is

A

Atherogenic

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40
Q

Dietary sources of Vitamin E

A

Vegetable oils rick in polyunsaturated fatty acids

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41
Q

Deficiencies of Vitamin E are ____

A

rare

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42
Q

Which vitamin is required for post-translational modification of glutamic acid residues to gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues?

A

Vitamin K

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43
Q

Carboxyglutamic acids allow proteins to bind to ___

A

calcium

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44
Q

Which vitamin is essential for blood clotting?

A

Vitamin K

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45
Q

Several proteins involved in blood coagulation require gamma-carboxyglutamic acid for _____

A

calcium binding

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46
Q

Which vitamin is essential for bone mineralization

A

Vitamin K

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47
Q

Several proteins in bone require gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues for binding to ____

A

hydroxyapatite

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48
Q

In the carboxylation reaction, vitamin K is converted to ____

A

an inactive epoxide form

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49
Q

Regeneration of the active vitamin K form from the inactive expoide form requires what enzyme?

A

Vitamin K epoxide reductase

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50
Q

Warfarin is a ____ antagonist

A

Vitamin K

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51
Q

Warfarin prevents ____

A

thrombosis

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52
Q

Warfarin inhibits what enzyme?

A

Vitamin K epoxide reductase

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53
Q

Dietary sources of Vitamin K1

A

Green vegetables

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54
Q

Dietary sources of Vitamin K2

A

Intestinal bacteria

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55
Q

Vitamin K deficiency is ___

A

rare

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56
Q

Thiamin is rapidly converted to ____ and ____

A

Thiamin pyrophosphate and thiamin triphosphate

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57
Q

Thiamin pyrophosphate function as a cofactor in ____

A

enzymatic catalysis (e.g. thiazole ring forms a carbanion, a strong nucleophile)

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58
Q

Thiamin triphosphate functions in ______ in ____

A

transmission of nerve impulse in peripheral nerve membranes

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59
Q

Severe thiamin deficiency is known as what?

A

Beriberi

60
Q

Severe thiamin deficiency is characterized by what

A

Muscular atrophy and weakness

61
Q

Thiamin deficiency occurs in populations that ____

A

Exclusively rely on polished rise for food or in alcoholics

62
Q

Riboflavin is a precursor of ____ used in ____

A

cofactors; redox reactions

63
Q

2 riboflavin derived molecules

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN)

64
Q

Riboflavin deficiency is ___

A

Very rare

65
Q

Symptoms of riboflavin deficiency

A

Angular cheilitis, glossitis, and scaly dermatitis

66
Q

Riboflavin deficiency is typically seen in

A

chronic alcoholics

67
Q

Dietary sources of riboflavin

A

Milk, meat, eggs, and cereal products

68
Q

Niacin exists in what 2 forms in the diet?

A

Niacin (nicotinic acid) and niacinamine (nicotinamide)

69
Q

Niacin is converted to what cofactors?

A

NAD adn NADP

70
Q

NAD and NADP are what?

A

Electron acceptors or hydrogen donors

71
Q

NAD and NADP are essential in _____ reactions and _____

A

Redox reactions and cellular respiration

72
Q

Severe niacin deficiency is known as

A

Pellagra

73
Q

Niacin deficiency presents as

A

dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia

74
Q

Niacin defiency is ____

A

rare

75
Q

Niacin deficiency is typically seen in what patients?

A

Alcoholics, patients with severe malabsorption, and elderly on very restrictive diets

76
Q

Dietary sources of niacin

A

Meats, peanuts, and enriched cereals

77
Q

Pyridoxine is also known as what?

A

Vitamin B6

78
Q

Pyridoxine exists in what forms in the diet?

A

Pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal

79
Q

Pyridoxine is converted to what cofactor

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

80
Q

Pyridoxal phosphate acts as a coenzyme in what 3 reactions?

A
  • Transamination reactions in amino acid metabolism
  • Synthesis of neurotransmitters
  • Synthesis of sphingolipids
81
Q

Symptoms of mild pyridoxine deficiency

A

Irritability, nervousness, and depression

82
Q

Symptoms of severe pyridoxine deficiency

A

Peripheral neuropathy and convulsions

83
Q

Dietary sources of pyridoxine

A

Meat, vegetables, and whole-grain cereals

84
Q

Biotin serves as a cofactor for activation of ____ in _____

A

carbon dioxide; carboxylase enzymes

85
Q

Biotin is ____ bound to _____ in enzymes

A

covalently; lysine side chains

86
Q

Dietary sources of biotin

A

Rich in a wide range of food sources

87
Q

Biotin deficiency is ___

A

rare

88
Q

Biotin deficiency may occur when

A
  • Raw egg whites are consumed regularly (avidin in egg white forms a tight complex with biotin)
  • Pregnant women tend to have a high risk of biotin deficiency
89
Q

Folic acid is converted to _____

A

Tetrahydrofolate

90
Q

Tetrahydrofolate is

A

a one-carbon carrier in enzyme reactions

91
Q

Folic acid is used in the synthesis of ___ and ___

A

Amino acids and nucleotides

92
Q

Folic acid is essential for ____ synthesis and _____

A

DNA synthesis and cellular proliferation

93
Q

Dietary source of folic acid

A

Rich in a wide range of food sources

94
Q

Folic acid deficiency does what

A
  • Inhibits DNA synthesis
  • Produces abnormal red blood cells (anemia)
  • Increases the risk of birth defects, especially neural tube defect
95
Q

Folic acid deficiency is common in what kinds of people

A

Alcoholics

96
Q

Vitamin B12 is also known as

A

Cobalamin

97
Q

Vitamin B12 contains ___ in a coordination state of ___

A

CO; six

98
Q

Vitamin B12 is required for what 2 reactions in humans

A
  • Methionine synthase (homocysteine –> methionine)

- Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (methylmalonyl-CoA –> syccinyl-CoA)

99
Q

When vitamin B12 is insufficient ___ and ___ accumulate, causing ___ and ____

A

homocysteine and methylmalonic acid; anemia and neurological damage

100
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency is rare except in patients with ____ and ____

A

Severe malabsorption diseases and long-term vegetarians

101
Q

Vitamin C is also known as ___

A

ascorbic acid

102
Q

Vitamin C functions as a cofactor for several ___

A

oxidases

103
Q

Vitamin C is required for ____ and ____, which is necessary for ____

A

hydroxylation of lysine, proline side chains, collagen stability

104
Q

Proper collagen stability is essential for what 3 things

A

Maintenance of normal connective tissue, wound healing, and bone formation

105
Q

Vitamin C is a _____

A

nonenzymatic reducing agent

106
Q

Vitamin C aids in absorption of _____ by reducing it to ____ in the ____

A

iron; Fe+2; stomach

107
Q

Vitamin C protects what 3 vitamins from oxidation?

A

Vitamins A, E, and some B

108
Q

Mild vitamin C deficiency causes ____ which can lead to ____

A

Capillary fragility; easy bruising and decreased immunocompetency

109
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A

Calcium

110
Q

Calcium is used for what?

A
  • Making bones
  • Serving as a second messenger
  • Required for many enzymes
  • Essential for blood coagulation and muscle contractility
111
Q

Maintenance of constant serum levels of this mineral is vital

A

Calcium

112
Q

An elaborate homeostatic control system exists for what mineral?

A

Calcium

113
Q

Bones serve as a reservoir for what mineral?

A

Calcium

114
Q

Dietary insufficiency results in net loss of ____ from the bones

A

Ca+2

115
Q

_____ is required for optimal utilization of Ca+2

A

Vitamin D

116
Q

Exercise facilitates calcium utilization for ____

A

bone formation

117
Q

Symptoms of ____ deficiency resembles _____ deficiency

A

Calcium; vitamin D

118
Q

Calcium deficiency may contribute to ____

A

osteoporosis

119
Q

Achieving maximum bone density from age ___ to ___ is critical in reducing the risk of ___ later

A

10 to 35; osteoporosis

120
Q

Proper calcium intake from the diet and exercise maximizes ____

A

bone density

121
Q

Mild calcium deficiency may cause _____

A

muscle cramps

122
Q

Dietary sources of calcium

A
  • Dairy products

- Nuts, beans, seeds, and seaweeds

123
Q

Iron is a component of what?

A

Heme, cytochromes, and nonheme iron proteins

124
Q

Iron is required for what?

A

O2 transport, energy metabolism, cell proliferation, and immune defense

125
Q

What increases the need of iron?

A

Blood loss including menstruation

126
Q

Menustruating females need _____ more iron than adult males

A

2-fold

127
Q

Iron homeostasis is ___ regulated

A

tightly

128
Q

Iron homeostasis is ___ for life but also _____

A

essential; extremely toxic

129
Q

Free iron generates ____

A

free radicals

130
Q

Iron is normally sequestered in the cell by ____ and in the blood by ____

A

ferritin; transferrin

131
Q

Iron-deficiency anemia is widespread in ____ and ____

A

Children and menstruating females

132
Q

Iodine is used for synthesis of ____

A

thyroid hormones

133
Q

What is the best natural food source for iodine?

A

Seafood

134
Q

Iodine deficiency was an endemic in ____ populations

A

inland

135
Q

Goiter definition

A

An enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by iodine deficiency

136
Q

Cretinism definition

A

Severely stunted physical and mental growth caused by iodine deficiency

137
Q

What mineral is routinely added to table salt?

A

Iodine

138
Q

Zinc is required for many ____ and ____

A

Metalloenzymes and zinc finger proteins

139
Q

Zinc deficiency in children results in ___ and ____

A

poor wound healing, dermatitis, and impaired immune function

140
Q

Copper is required for many ____

A

enzymes

141
Q

Copper deficiency may cause what?

A

Anemia, bone demineralization, and blood vessel fragility

142
Q

Selenium is incorporated into _____ selenoproteins in humans

A

~25

143
Q

Selenoproteins contain _____, which are incorporated durign translation

A

Selenocystein residues

144
Q

Selenocystyl-tRNA binds to ____ codons in mRNA with a special sequence in 3’-untranslated region

A

UGA

145
Q

Selenium deficiency is ___

A

rare

PHRM 825 (36 decks)

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