Photosynthesis ALL Flashcards
What molecule is needed to begin the Calvin cycle?
Carbon dioxide
Which molecules provide energy to power the Calvin cycle?
ATP and NADPH
How many molecules of PGAL are needed to form glucose?
2
How many turns of the Calvin cycle are required to form one glucose molecule?
2
Why is the Calvin cycle also known as the “dark” reactions?
It can be performed in the dark
Carbon dioxide ultimately ends up being fixed into a
Glucose molecule
What is carbon fixation
Combination of carbon and RUBP
Where does Calvin cycle take place
Stroma of chloroplast
Organism that can make its own food
Autotroph
Organism that cannot make its own food
Heterotrpoh
Energy enters the ecosystem int the form of
Light
What is the process of converting the energy from the sun into chemical energy int he form of molecules of glucose
Photosynthesis
Two processes that require the use of ATP
DNA synthesis
Spindle forming during DNA replication
The energy-carrying molecule of the cell that is very energy poor
ADP
Carbon dioxide is required for photosynthesis - how does plant get it?
Through the stomata
Water is required for photosynthesis - how does the plant get it?
Through the roots
Name given to the substances that absorb some wavelengths of light and reflect other wavelengths of light?
Pigments
In what part of the cell does photosynthesis occur?
Chromoplasts
Name given to the green pigment that is required for photosynthesis
Chlorophyll
The waxy covering that helps prevent water loss from a leaf
Cuticle
Pores found on the underside of leaves
Stoma
The layer of cells in a leaf that serves as the primary photosynthetic layer of the leaf
Pallisade
Cells found on either side of the stomata that regulate the opening and closing of the stomata
Guard cells
Tubes in the plant that carry water upward toward the leaves
Xylem
Tubes in the plant that carry food out of the leaves
Phloem
Name of the flattened sacs found inside the chloroplast that contain the chlorophyll for photosynthesis
Chromoplasts
The dense liquid found inside the chloroplast
Thylakoids
Equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
During photosystem II what is split into oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electron
H20
ATP synthase is a protein that pumps
Hydrogen ions across the thylakoid membrane
The electron transport chain takes place in the
Thylakoid membrane
The electron transport chain makes up the
Light dependent reactions of photosynthesis
How does oxygen leave the leaf
Through the stomata on the underneath of the leaf
Where are sugars made
In chloroplasts
Light energy is converted to chemical energy
Photosynthesis
Plants produce what two things in photosynthesis
Oxygen and glucose
What is ATP
An energy source for both plants and animals
Photosynthesis takes what three things to create energy
Carbon dioxide, water, and energy
During photosynthesis what is used to produce molecules of glucose
Energy from the sun
What does ATP stand for
Adenine tri phosphate
What does ADP stand for
Adenine di phosphate
What is the role of ATP
Main energy currency of the cell
What is the role of ADP
An energy currency of the cell but less energy filled than ATP
How many phosphate groups are in ADP
2
How many phosphate groups are in ATP?
2
What is the significance of the third phosphate of ATP
To store excess energy
Three parts of ADP/ATP molecule
Adenine, ribose, phosphate
How does ATP become ADP
One of the phosphate groups breaks off
How does chlorophyll make a plant look green
Chlorophylls capture red and blue lights and reflect green wavelengths
Is oxygen requires for photosynthesis
No
Is photosynthesis the process of trapping the sun’s energy in order to make molecules of glucose
Yes
Is carbon dioxide produced during photosynthesis
No
Are all parts of the plant capable of carrying out photosynthesis
No
Are the primary photosynthetic cells of a leaf the spongy cells
No
Life on earth is dependent on photosynthesis for what two things
Glucose and oxygen
Why do autotrophs depend on heterotrophs
For producing carbon dioxide
Any substance that absorbs light is called a
Pigment
What layer of the leaf prevents water loss
Cuticle
Why is the cuticle necessary
Protects leaf
What layer of the cell is the primary photosynthetic layer of the cell
Pallisade
Name of middle portion of the cell
Mesophyll
In what part of the cell does photosynthesis occur
Chromoplasts
In what part of the chromoplasts does photosynthesis happen
The thylakoids
Large stacks of thylakoids are called
Grana
The dense liquid in the thylakoids is called
The stroma
Photosystem:
A collection of chlorophyll molecules embedded into the thylakoid membrane
Once the energy of the sun gets absorbed by the chlorophylls the electrons become
Excited
After the electrons are excited in the thylakoids are passed to
An electron transport chain
How does photosystem II replace the electrons that were lost because they were excited due to the sun
A water molecule splits up and the electrons replace those lost
What happens to the oxygen from the water molecule split in photosystem II
They exit through the stomata
The electrons energized in photosystem II move from there to photosystem I through what
The electron transport chain
When the water breaks to replace electrons lost in photosystem II during light-dependent reactions what is it split into
2 electrons, 2 H+ ions, 1 oxygen ion
Do both photosystems absorb sunlight during light-dependent reactions
Yes
Why does photosystem I absorb energy from the sun
To re-energize the electrons
Where do the electrons go after photosystem I
NADP+
How does NADP+ become NADPH during light-dependent reactions
Joins with the two electrons and one H+
How is ATP actually formed
Hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase from an area of high concentration to low (inside thylakoid to outside)
As the hydrogen passes through it spins and with the help of the enzyme ATP synthase it creates energy - this energy turns ADP into ATP
When the hydrogen lost during the production of ATP comes back into the cell what happens
Comes into the thylakoid and because against concentration gradient uses energy from electron transport chain
Is glucose produced in light dependent reactions
No
What is the purpose of the light dependent reactions
To produce ATP and NADPH
What are the two energy storage molecules that provide energy to make sugar
ATP and NADPH
In which organelle does photosynthesis take place
Chloroplasts
During what process does carbon dioxide turn into glucose
Carbon fixation
What pigment absorbs most colors and reflects green
Chlorophyll
What color is chlorophyll a
Blue green
What color is chlorophyll b
Yellow green
The decomposition of water into hydrogen ions and oxygen gas is called
Photolysis
What is the chloroplast membrane like
A double membrane
During what reactions is sunlight absorbed by plants and energy storage molecules are created
Light dependent reactions
When light contacts the thylakoid the electrons become
Excited
Where do the light reactions occur
In membrane of the thylakoid
Where do the dark reactions occur
Stroma
What gas is is required to make sugar
Carbon dioxide
During light reactions what gas is produced
Oxygen
What part of the plant contains chloroplasts
Leaf
Name of stacks of thylakoids
Grana
Factors which can affect rates of photosynthesis
Temperature, light intensity, availability of water
With the help of ATP and NADPH PGA will turn into
PGAL
Why is ATP becoming ADP important
The removal of the phosphate group releases energy so that the cell can use it for cellular activities
Difference between ADP and ATP
ATP is energy rich and ADP is energy poor
