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Biology 2015-2016 > Photosynthesis ALL > Flashcards

Photosynthesis ALL Flashcards

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1
Q

What molecule is needed to begin the Calvin cycle?

A

Carbon dioxide

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2
Q

Which molecules provide energy to power the Calvin cycle?

A

ATP and NADPH

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3
Q

How many molecules of PGAL are needed to form glucose?

A

2

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4
Q

How many turns of the Calvin cycle are required to form one glucose molecule?

A

2

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5
Q

Why is the Calvin cycle also known as the “dark” reactions?

A

It can be performed in the dark

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6
Q

Carbon dioxide ultimately ends up being fixed into a

A

Glucose molecule

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7
Q

What is carbon fixation

A

Combination of carbon and RUBP

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8
Q

Where does Calvin cycle take place

A

Stroma of chloroplast

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9
Q

Organism that can make its own food

A

Autotroph

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10
Q

Organism that cannot make its own food

A

Heterotrpoh

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11
Q

Energy enters the ecosystem int the form of

A

Light

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12
Q

What is the process of converting the energy from the sun into chemical energy int he form of molecules of glucose

A

Photosynthesis

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13
Q

Two processes that require the use of ATP

A

DNA synthesis

Spindle forming during DNA replication

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14
Q

The energy-carrying molecule of the cell that is very energy poor

A

ADP

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15
Q

Carbon dioxide is required for photosynthesis - how does plant get it?

A

Through the stomata

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16
Q

Water is required for photosynthesis - how does the plant get it?

A

Through the roots

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17
Q

Name given to the substances that absorb some wavelengths of light and reflect other wavelengths of light?

A

Pigments

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18
Q

In what part of the cell does photosynthesis occur?

A

Chromoplasts

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19
Q

Name given to the green pigment that is required for photosynthesis

A

Chlorophyll

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20
Q

The waxy covering that helps prevent water loss from a leaf

A

Cuticle

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21
Q

Pores found on the underside of leaves

A

Stoma

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22
Q

The layer of cells in a leaf that serves as the primary photosynthetic layer of the leaf

A

Pallisade

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23
Q

Cells found on either side of the stomata that regulate the opening and closing of the stomata

A

Guard cells

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24
Q

Tubes in the plant that carry water upward toward the leaves

A

Xylem

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25
Q

Tubes in the plant that carry food out of the leaves

A

Phloem

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26
Q

Name of the flattened sacs found inside the chloroplast that contain the chlorophyll for photosynthesis

A

Chromoplasts

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27
Q

The dense liquid found inside the chloroplast

A

Thylakoids

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28
Q

Equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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29
Q

During photosystem II what is split into oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electron

A

H20

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30
Q

ATP synthase is a protein that pumps

A

Hydrogen ions across the thylakoid membrane

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31
Q

The electron transport chain takes place in the

A

Thylakoid membrane

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32
Q

The electron transport chain makes up the

A

Light dependent reactions of photosynthesis

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33
Q

How does oxygen leave the leaf

A

Through the stomata on the underneath of the leaf

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34
Q

Where are sugars made

A

In chloroplasts

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35
Q

Light energy is converted to chemical energy

A

Photosynthesis

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36
Q

Plants produce what two things in photosynthesis

A

Oxygen and glucose

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37
Q

What is ATP

A

An energy source for both plants and animals

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38
Q

Photosynthesis takes what three things to create energy

A

Carbon dioxide, water, and energy

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39
Q

During photosynthesis what is used to produce molecules of glucose

A

Energy from the sun

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40
Q

What does ATP stand for

A

Adenine tri phosphate

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41
Q

What does ADP stand for

A

Adenine di phosphate

42
Q

What is the role of ATP

A

Main energy currency of the cell

43
Q

What is the role of ADP

A

An energy currency of the cell but less energy filled than ATP

44
Q

How many phosphate groups are in ADP

A

2

45
Q

How many phosphate groups are in ATP?

A

2

46
Q

What is the significance of the third phosphate of ATP

A

To store excess energy

47
Q

Three parts of ADP/ATP molecule

A

Adenine, ribose, phosphate

48
Q

How does ATP become ADP

A

One of the phosphate groups breaks off

49
Q

How does chlorophyll make a plant look green

A

Chlorophylls capture red and blue lights and reflect green wavelengths

50
Q

Is oxygen requires for photosynthesis

A

No

51
Q

Is photosynthesis the process of trapping the sun’s energy in order to make molecules of glucose

A

Yes

52
Q

Is carbon dioxide produced during photosynthesis

A

No

53
Q

Are all parts of the plant capable of carrying out photosynthesis

A

No

54
Q

Are the primary photosynthetic cells of a leaf the spongy cells

A

No

55
Q

Life on earth is dependent on photosynthesis for what two things

A

Glucose and oxygen

56
Q

Why do autotrophs depend on heterotrophs

A

For producing carbon dioxide

57
Q

Any substance that absorbs light is called a

A

Pigment

58
Q

What layer of the leaf prevents water loss

A

Cuticle

59
Q

Why is the cuticle necessary

A

Protects leaf

60
Q

What layer of the cell is the primary photosynthetic layer of the cell

A

Pallisade

61
Q

Name of middle portion of the cell

A

Mesophyll

62
Q

In what part of the cell does photosynthesis occur

A

Chromoplasts

63
Q

In what part of the chromoplasts does photosynthesis happen

A

The thylakoids

64
Q

Large stacks of thylakoids are called

A

Grana

65
Q

The dense liquid in the thylakoids is called

A

The stroma

66
Q

Photosystem:

A

A collection of chlorophyll molecules embedded into the thylakoid membrane

67
Q

Once the energy of the sun gets absorbed by the chlorophylls the electrons become

A

Excited

68
Q

After the electrons are excited in the thylakoids are passed to

A

An electron transport chain

69
Q

How does photosystem II replace the electrons that were lost because they were excited due to the sun

A

A water molecule splits up and the electrons replace those lost

70
Q

What happens to the oxygen from the water molecule split in photosystem II

A

They exit through the stomata

71
Q

The electrons energized in photosystem II move from there to photosystem I through what

A

The electron transport chain

72
Q

When the water breaks to replace electrons lost in photosystem II during light-dependent reactions what is it split into

A

2 electrons, 2 H+ ions, 1 oxygen ion

73
Q

Do both photosystems absorb sunlight during light-dependent reactions

A

Yes

74
Q

Why does photosystem I absorb energy from the sun

A

To re-energize the electrons

75
Q

Where do the electrons go after photosystem I

A

NADP+

76
Q

How does NADP+ become NADPH during light-dependent reactions

A

Joins with the two electrons and one H+

77
Q

How is ATP actually formed

A

Hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase from an area of high concentration to low (inside thylakoid to outside)
As the hydrogen passes through it spins and with the help of the enzyme ATP synthase it creates energy - this energy turns ADP into ATP

78
Q

When the hydrogen lost during the production of ATP comes back into the cell what happens

A

Comes into the thylakoid and because against concentration gradient uses energy from electron transport chain

79
Q

Is glucose produced in light dependent reactions

A

No

80
Q

What is the purpose of the light dependent reactions

A

To produce ATP and NADPH

81
Q

What are the two energy storage molecules that provide energy to make sugar

A

ATP and NADPH

82
Q

In which organelle does photosynthesis take place

A

Chloroplasts

83
Q

During what process does carbon dioxide turn into glucose

A

Carbon fixation

84
Q

What pigment absorbs most colors and reflects green

A

Chlorophyll

85
Q

What color is chlorophyll a

A

Blue green

86
Q

What color is chlorophyll b

A

Yellow green

87
Q

The decomposition of water into hydrogen ions and oxygen gas is called

A

Photolysis

88
Q

What is the chloroplast membrane like

A

A double membrane

89
Q

During what reactions is sunlight absorbed by plants and energy storage molecules are created

A

Light dependent reactions

90
Q

When light contacts the thylakoid the electrons become

A

Excited

91
Q

Where do the light reactions occur

A

In membrane of the thylakoid

92
Q

Where do the dark reactions occur

A

Stroma

93
Q

What gas is is required to make sugar

A

Carbon dioxide

94
Q

During light reactions what gas is produced

A

Oxygen

95
Q

What part of the plant contains chloroplasts

A

Leaf

96
Q

Name of stacks of thylakoids

A

Grana

97
Q

Factors which can affect rates of photosynthesis

A

Temperature, light intensity, availability of water

98
Q

With the help of ATP and NADPH PGA will turn into

A

PGAL

99
Q

Why is ATP becoming ADP important

A

The removal of the phosphate group releases energy so that the cell can use it for cellular activities

100
Q

Difference between ADP and ATP

A

ATP is energy rich and ADP is energy poor

Biology 2015-2016 (26 decks)

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