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Speech Anatomy (Physiology) > Phonatory System: Speech Physiology (EXAM 2) > Flashcards

Phonatory System: Speech Physiology (EXAM 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Speech functions of larynx

A

Vibration primer
Glottal configuration
Glottal cycle
Phonation threshold pressure (PTP)
Pitch and Fundamental frequency
Pitch control
Loudness

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2
Q

Vibration Primer

A

Phonation primer
Vibrations generated by air pressure build up = phonation

HOW?: Aerodynamical event to acoustic event

VF obstruct exhalation air stream
Builds up PTP
Sets VF into motion if reach PTP
Results in rapid changes in air pressure
Results in acoustic event

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3
Q

Glottal Configuration

A

Space between VF varies according to the activity

Types:
Large glottis
Medium glottis
Small glottis
Small at back glottis
No glottis

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4
Q

Quiet Breathing

A

Medium glottis for both inhalation and exhalation (no speech)
Minimal muscle activity of posterior cricoarytenoid (abductor)

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5
Q

Forced Inhalation

A

Large glottis for both inhalation and exhalation
Great posterior cricoarytenoid (abductor) action

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6
Q

Voiceless sounds

A

Medium glottis
VF abducted for brief, unobstructed airflow
Airflow altered in oral cavity results in voiceless sounds

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7
Q

Voiced sounds

A

No-to-minimal glottis
VF adducted for voiced sound
Obstructs airflow momentarily in running speech, leading to more vibration of VF
Results in voiced sounds

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8
Q

Whisper

A

Narrow/small glottis with opening at back
Partly adducted VF with airflow resistance resulting in turbulence but no phonation
Just audible hissing sound
Muscles: lateral cricoarytenoids ONLY

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9
Q

Breath holding

A

No glottis
VF fully adducted
all 3 adductor muscles
results in complete trapping of inhaled air in lower respiratory tract

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10
Q

Glottal cycle

A

2 stages:
Prephonation
Phonation

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11
Q

Prephonation

A

As exhalation phase about to begin, VF adducted by adductor trio and glottis is closed/almost closed

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12
Q

Phonation

A

4 phases:
1. Closed
2. Opening
3. Closing
4. Closed

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13
Q
  1. Closed phase
A

VF adducted and glottis closed (prephonation)

Exhaled airflow is blocked, more alveolar/tracheal pressure build up

(1)

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14
Q
  1. Opening phase
A

Alveolar pressure reaches PTP
Forces VF apart whilst adducted
Glottis opens from BOTTOM to TOP
Exhaled airflow resumes into oral cavity

(2-5) (4)

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15
Q
  1. Closing phase
A

Air flow continues
Alveolar pressure decreases as air leaves trachea
Allows VF to rebound (elasticity)
Glottis narrows
Closes from BOTTOM to TOP

(6-9) (9)

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16
Q
  1. Closed phase
A

Glottis closes and cycle repeats
1 complete glottal cycle describes 1 VF vibration

10

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17
Q

Medial compression

A

Muscular force with which VF adducted or pressed together at midline by adductor muscles

18
Q

What does glottal cycle achieve?

A

Changes the constant pressure of free airflow into alternating air pressure with obstructed air flow

Sound compression and rarefaction (Compression when open, rarefaction when closed)

Creates acoustic event of sound

19
Q

Phonation threshold pressure

A

Minimal alveolar pressure needed to start glottal cycle, Minimum Pressure required: 3cmH20

Dependent on how LOUD you speak
3cmH20: Soft
7cmH20: Conversational
11cmH20: LOUD

Not very difficult to achieve, imagine blowing bubble in water at 3cm mark

20
Q

What is vocal pitch?

A

Perceptual event related to glottal vibrations/second (GCPS)
More gcps= higher pitch
Less gcps= lower pitch

21
Q

What is fundamental frequency?

A

Average number of glottal cycles per second for male/female

Adult male: 125-120 Hz
Adult female: 225 Hz

22
Q

How does Fundamental frequency change over lifespan?

A

Females:
7: 281Hz
20-29: 224Hz
80-94: 200Hz

Males:
7: 294Hz
20-29: 120Hz
80-89: 146Hz

23
Q

1st ten years of life for fundamental frequency

A

Relatively high for both M/F
Any drops related to change in VF length and thickness with little difference between male and female

24
Q

Puberty and fundamental frequency

A

Males: Dramatic drop due to VF being longer and THICKER

Females: Drops somewhat for same reason

25
Q

After age 60 and fundamental frequnecy

A

Male: Increases due to VF thinning

Female: decreases due to VF thickening

26
Q

What causes lower pitch?

A

Longer (naturally) VF and thicker VF (But mostly thicker)

27
Q

Why do adult males have longer/thicker VF?

A

Longer: Thyroid prominence more apparent, greater angle, longer VF (natural, not stretched)

Thicker: Hormone

28
Q

Pitch control

A

Changes glottal cycle duration (period)
Leads to changes of number of gcps (frequency)
changes pitch

29
Q

Compliance

A

Willingness to yield to aerodynamic forces
Elastic properties of VF affects response

More elastic= more resistant= less compliant

Less elastic=less resistant= more compliant

30
Q

How do you change duration of glottal cycle?

A

Change length of VF
Change tension of VF
Raise/lower larynx

31
Q

Change VF Length: Lengthening VF

A

Appearance: Long, thin, stiff

Muscle: Cricothyroid contracts

Increase VF length
Increase VF tension
Decrease VF Compliance
Less duration of gcps
more gcps
Higher pitch

32
Q

Change VF Length: Shortening VF

A

Appearance: short, thick, lax

Muscle: Cricothyroid relax, tense thyroarytenoid (slightly)

Decreases VF length
Decrease VF tension
Increase VF compliance
Increase duration of gcps
Decrease gcps
lower pitch

33
Q

Change VF Tension

A
  1. Change VF length
  2. Tensor Muscles (Thyroarytenoids)

Extra High Pitch:
After lengthening VF
Tense thyroarytenoids
Less compliant
Less duration
more gcps
higher pitch

Extra low pitch:
After shortening VF
Relax thyroarytenoids
More compliant
more duration
less gcps
lower pitch

34
Q

Analogy: Big belly and tight six pack

A

Short, thick, lax: Big belly
More compliant
less duration (in closed phase longer)
less gcps

Long, thin, stiff: tight six pack
Less compliant
more duration (hardly in closed phase)
more gcps

35
Q

Change height of larynx

A

Using extrinsic muscles to change filter characteristics

Longer vocal tract: lower pitch resonant

Shorter vocal tract: higher pitch resonant

Suprahyoid: raise/higher pitch
Infrahyoid: lower/lower pitch

36
Q

Loudness

A

Perceptual event related to vocal intensity
Amplitude of sound: dBSPL
Corresponds to alveolar pressure

37
Q

How to change loudness?

A

Changing aerodynamic forces
-change volume of air
-change air pressure

Changing muscular forces
-change medial compression

without medial compression, cannot accomplish true alveolar pressure build up

38
Q

Changing medial compression

A

Adductors
If more medial compression: firm glottal closure, more resistant to airflow, more ptp

If less medial compression: relaxed glottal closure, less resistant to airflow, less ptp

39
Q

Increasing loudness

A

Change aerodynamic forces
-increase volume
-increase pressure

Change muscular forces
-increase medial compression, firm glottal closure, more force needed to separate folds, can hold in more pressure

As a result: exhaled air velocity faster, results in VF closing with greater force

Concerns: Vocal nodules, temporary damage to VF
Hoarseness

40
Q

Decreasing loudness

A

Change aerodynamic forces:
-decrease volume
-decrease pressure

Change muscular forces
-less medial compression, relaxed glottal closure, less alveolar pressure, less force needed to separate folds

As a result: exhaled airstream velocity decreases, glottis doesn’t slam, soft/convo levels of loudness for long periods of time less harm

drink water

41
Q

Whispering

A

Change aerodynamic forces
-maintain steady airflow

change muscular forces
-adjust VF to whisper triangle with lateral cricoarytenoids ONLY

leads to: turbulent and audible hissing sound

Speech Anatomy (Physiology) (21 decks)

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