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Drugs list > Phase II > Flashcards

Phase II Flashcards

1
Q

Antacids

A

Aluminium & magnesium hydroxide/calcium carbonate

MoA - Gastric acid neutralisation

Indication - Dyspepsia, heartburn

Adverse effects - Nausea

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2
Q

Aluminium & magnesium hydroxide/calcium carbonate

A

Antacids

MoA - Gastric acid neutralisation

Indication - Dyspepsia, heartburn

Adverse effects - Nausea

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3
Q

What would you prescribe for dyspepsia or heartburn?

A

Antacids

Aluminium & magnesium hydroxide/calcium carbonate

MoA - Gastric acid neutralisation

Adverse effects - Nausea

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4
Q

Antacids + alginates

A

Sodium alginate with sodium bicarbonate

MoA - Gastric acid neutralisation

Indication - Gastric reflux

Adverse effects - Abdominal distension

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5
Q

What would you prescribe for gastric reflux?

A

Antacids + Alginates (sodium alginate with sodium bicarbonate)

or

PPIs (omeprazole, lansoprazole)

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6
Q

H2-receptor antagonists

A

Ranitidine, Cimetidine

MoA - Blockade of gastric H2 histamine receptors

Indication - Stomach ulcers

Adverse effects - Dizziness

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7
Q

Ranitidine, cimetidine

A

H2-receptor antagonists

MoA - Blockade of gastric H2 histamine receptors

Indication - Stomach ulcers

Adverse effects - Dizziness

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8
Q

What would you prescribe for stomach ulcers?

A

H2-receptor antagonists (ranitidine, cimetidine)

or

PPIs (lansoprazole, omeprazole)

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9
Q

PPIs

A

Omeprazole, Lansoprazole

MoA - Blockade of stomach acid transporters

Indication - Stomach & duodenal ulcers, gastric reflux

Adverse effects - Headache, diarrhoea

Interactions - Warfarin

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10
Q

Pancreatic enzymes

A

Pancreatin

MoA - Restoration of pancreatic enzymes

Indication - Pancreatic insufficiency - Cystic fibrosis, pancreatitis

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11
Q

What would you prescribe for pancreatic insufficiency (ie. in cystic fibrosis or pancreatitis)?

A

Pancreatin

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12
Q

Bulk laxatives

A

Methylcellulose, isphagula husk

MoA - Water absorption in intestinal lumen to bulk stools

Indication - Constipation

Adverse effects/Interactions - Rare

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13
Q

Methylcellulose, isphagula husk

A

Bulk laxatives

MoA - Water absorption in intestinal lumen to bulk stools

Indication - Constipation

Adverse effects/Interactions - Rare

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14
Q

Faecal softener

A

Docusate, arachis oil

MoA - Stimulates water and electrolyte secretion into intestinal lumen

Indication - Constipation

Adverse effects/interactions - rare

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15
Q

Docusate, arachis oil

A

Faecal softener

MoA - Stimulates water and electrolyte secretion into intestinal lumen

Indication - Constipation

Adverse effects/interactions - rare

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16
Q

Osmotic laxatives

A

Macrogol (PEG), lactulose, magnesium sulphate, magnesium hydroxide

MoA - Water retention in intestinal lumen

Indication - Constipation

Adverse effects - Stomach cramps

Interactions - Antiepileptics

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17
Q

Macrogol (PEG), lactulose, magnesium sulphate, magnesium hydroxide

A

Osmotic laxatives

MoA - Water retention in intestinal lumen

Indication - Constipation

Adverse effects - Stomach cramps

Interactions - Antiepileptics

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18
Q

Stimulant laxatives

A

Bisacodyl, Senna

MoA - Increase intestinal motility

Indication - Constipation

Adverse effects - Nausea

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19
Q

Opioid anti-motility agents

A

Loperamide, codeine

MoA - Agonist for µ-opioid receptors in myenteric plexus. Blocks intestinal muscarinic receptors

Indication - Diarrhoea

Adverse effects/interactions - Rare

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20
Q

Loperamide, codeine

A

Opioid anti-motility agents

MoA - Agonist for µ-opioid receptors in myenteric plexus. Blocks intestinal muscarinic receptors

Indication - Diarrhoea

Adverse effects/interactions - Rare

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21
Q

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

A

Acetazolamide

MoA - Reduces aqueous humour volume

Indication: Intra-ocular pressure - open & acute closed angle glaucoma

Adverse effects - Paraesthesia

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22
Q

Acetazolamide

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

MoA - Reduces aqueous humour volume

Indication: Intra-ocular pressure - open & acute closed angle glaucoma

Adverse effects - Paraesthesia

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23
Q

Osmotic diuretics

A

Mannitol

MoA - Elevates plasma osmolarity

Indication - Cerebral oedema, intra-ocular pressure

Adverse effects - Hypotension

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24
Q

Mannitol

A

Osmotic diuretics

MoA - Elevates plasma osmolarity

Indication - Cerebral oedema, intra-ocular pressure

Adverse effects - Hypotension

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25
Q

Loop diuretics

A

Furosemide

MoA - Inhibits Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter in loop of Henle

Indication - Left ventricular heart failure, oedema

Adverse effects - Nausea, dizziness

Interactions - NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors

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26
Q

Furosemide

A

Loop diuretic

MoA - Inhibits Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter in loop of Henle

Indication - Left ventricular heart failure, oedema

Adverse effects - Nausea, dizziness

Interactions - NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors

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27
Q

Thiazides

A

Indapamide, Bendroflumethiazide,
Chlorthalidone
Hydrochlorothiazide

MoA - Decreases sodium and chloride reabsorption

Indication - Hypertension

Adverse effects - Electrolyte imbalance, exacerbation or precipitation of gout

Interactions - NSAIDs, digoxin

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28
Q

Indapamide, Bendroflumethiazide,
Chlorthalidone
Hydrochlorothiazide

A

Thiazides

MoA - Decreases sodium and chloride reabsorption

Indication - Hypertension

Adverse effects - Electrolyte imbalance, exacerbation or precipitation of gout

Interactions - NSAIDs, digoxin

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29
Q

Potassium sparing diuretics

A

Spironolactone, eplerenone (mineralocorticoid receptor blockade)

Amiloride (Blockade of sodium reabsorption via ENaC channel)

Indication - Oedema, congestive heart failure

Adverse effects - GI

Interactions - NSAIDs, ACEi

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30
Q

Spironolactone, eplerenone

A

Potassium sparing diuretics (mineralocorticoid receptor blockade)

Indication - Oedema, congestive heart failure

Adverse effects - GI

Interactions - NSAIDs, ACEi

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31
Q

Amiloride

A

Potassium sparing diuretics (Blockade of sodium reabsorption via ENaC channel)

Indication - Oedema, congestive heart failure

Adverse effects - GI

Interactions - NSAIDs, ACEi

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32
Q

Mannitol

A

Osmotic diuretic
MoA - Elevates plasma osmolarity

Indication - Cerebral oedema, intra-ocular pressure

Adverse effects - Hypotension

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33
Q

Acetazolamide

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
MoA - Reduces aqueous humour volume

Indication - Intra-ocular pressure - open & acute closed angle glaucoma

Adverse effects - Paraesthesia

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34
Q

Ramipril, captopril, lisinopril

A

ACE inhibitors
MoA - Inhibits conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Blocks vasoconstriction.

Indication - hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, heart failure

Adverse effects - cough, hyperkalaemia

Interactions - Lithium, NSAIDs

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35
Q

Losartan, valsartan

A

ARBs
MoA - Blocks angiotensin-renin system

Indication - hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, heart failure

Adverse effects - hypotension, fatigue

Interactions - Diuretics

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36
Q

Sacubitril (in combination with the ARB valsartan)

A

Neprilysin inhibitors (used in combination with an ARB)

MoA - Inhibition of natriuretic peptide breakdown

Indication - Heart failure (with reduced ejection fraction)

Adverse effects - hypokalaemia, hypoglycaemia (from BNF)

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37
Q

Bisoprolol, atenolol

A

Beta-blockers (Beta-1 selective)

MoA - Negative inotropic/chronotropic agent

Indication - Hypertension, stable angina

Adverse effects - Bradycardia, bronchospasm

Interactions - NSAIDs, digoxin

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38
Q

Propranolol

A

Beta-blockers (Beta-1 and beta-2 selective)

MoA - Negative inotropic/chronotropic agent

Indication - Hypertension, stable angina

Adverse effects - Bradycardia, bronchospasm

Interactions - NSAIDs, digoxin

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39
Q

Doxazosin

A

Alpha adrenergic blockers

MoA - vasodilator, decreases total peripheral resistance

Indication - Hypertension

Adverse effects - dizziness, headache

Interactions - hypotensive drugs

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40
Q

Amlodipine, nifedipine, diltiazem

A

Calcium channel blockers

MoA - Blockade of vascular smooth muscle contraction

Indication - Hypertension, stable angina

Adverse effects - ankle swelling, oedema

Interactions - beta blockers, digoxin

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41
Q

Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), Isosorbide Mononitrate (ISMN)

A

Nitrates

MoA - Nitric oxide release, leading to smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation

Indication - Acute angina pectoris (GTN), heart failure

Adverse effects - Hypotension, headache

Interactions - Antihypertensives

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42
Q

Adrenaline, dobutamine, noradrenaline

A

Sympathomimetics

MoA - Adrenergic stimulation, increased inotropy

Indication - Cardiac arrest, cariogenic shock

Adverse effects - Arrhythmia

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43
Q

Aspirin, clopidogrel

A

Antiplatelet drugs

MoA:
Aspirin - Inhibition of thromboxane synthesis
Clopidogrel - Inhibition of platelet activation by ADP

Indication - Primary and secondary relief for CVD, anticoagulant prophylaxis

Adverse effects - GI irritation and bleeding

Interactions - Anticoagulants

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44
Q

Warfarin

A

Anticoagulants - coumarin

MoA - Inhibition of vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1 (VKORC1) enzyme.

Indication - DVT, prophylaxis of stroke from AF

Adverse effects - Abnormal bleeding

Interactions - multiple drug interactions, notably NSAIDs, diuretics

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45
Q

Dabigatran

A

Anticoagulants - direct thrombin inhibitor

MoA - Inhibition of thrombin (also called Factor IIa)

Indication - Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism post-surgery

Adverse effects - Abnormal bleeding

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46
Q

Apixaban, Edoxaban, Rivaroxaban

A

Anticoagulants - direct Factor Xa inhibitor

MoA - Inhibition of Factor Xa in coagulation cascade

Indication - Prophylaxis of stroke from atrial fibrillation; DVT

Adverse effects - Abnormal bleeding

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47
Q

Dalteparin, tinzaparin, enoxaparin (low molecular weight); unfractionated heparins

A

Anticoagulants - Heparins

MoA - Inactivation of thrombin and Factor Xa via complexing antithrombin III

Indication - Prophylaxis of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism

Adverse effects - abnormal bleeding

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48
Q

Alteplase, streptokinase, urokinase

A

Thrombolytics/fibrinolytics

MoA - Activation of plasminogen for proteolytic breakdown of thrombus fibrin

Indication - Myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke

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49
Q

Simvastatin, atorvastatin (statins)

A

HMG-CoA Reductase inhibitors

MoA - Inhibition of mavelonate pathway required for cholesterol synthesis

Indication - Hypercholesterolaemia, risk of CVD and stroke

Adverse effects - Myalgia

Interactions - Verpamil, macrolides

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50
Q

Disopyramide, Quinidine

A

Class Ia anti-arrhythmic drugs,
Sodium channel blockers

MoA - Voltage-sensitive sodium channel blockade
Prolong QT interval, increase QRS duration.

Indications - Ventricular and supra ventricular arrhythmias

Adverse effects - oedema

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51
Q

Lidocaine

A

Class Ib anti-arrhythmic drug,
Sodium channel blocker

MoA - Voltage-sensitive sodium channel blockade
Prolong QT interval, increase QRS duration

Indication - CPR (used IV)

Adverse effects - oedema

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52
Q

Flecainide, Propafenone

A

Class Ic anti-arrhythmic drug,
Sodium channel blocker

MoA - Voltage-sensitive sodium channel blockade
Prolong QT interval, increase QRS duration

Indication - Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and ventricular ectopic beats “pill in pocket”

Adverse effects - oedema

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53
Q

Class II anti-arrhythmic drugs

A

Beta-blockers:
Atenolol, bisoprolol, metoprolol

MoA - Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade – reduction in adrenergic effects on rate and inotropy

Indication - Prophylaxis of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia or fibrillation

Adverse effects - Hypotension

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54
Q

Amiodarone, dronedarone, sotalol

A

Class III Anti-Arrhythmic drugs – potassium channel blockers

(Sotalol also has some beta blocker activity)

MoA - Potassium channel blockade, also evidence of beta blocker and calcium channel blocker properties – prolong QT interval

Indication - Supraventricular, nodal and ventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, (CPR - used IV)

Adverse effects - Nausea, vomiting

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55
Q

Verapamil, diltiazem

A

Class IV anti-arrhythmics – calcium channel blockers (phenylalkylamine & benzothiazepine subclasses)

MoA - Cardiac calcium channel blockade – reduction of action potential & cardiac output

Indication - Supraventricular tachycardia (especially paroxysmal SVT)

Adverse effects - Hypotension (verapamil), Constipation (diltiazem)

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56
Q

Digoxin

A

Cardiac glycosides

MoA - reduces conductivity of AV node

Indication - arrhythmias, AF, congestive heart failure

Adverse effects - fatigue, nausea

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57
Q

Adenosine

A

MoA - Activates adenosine receptors – causes hyperpolarization,
Slows conduction through AV Node

Indication - supraventricular tachycardia

Adverse effects - Nausea; contraindicated in obstructive airway disease

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58
Q

Atropine

A

Antimuscarinic

MoA - Blockade of vagal muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

Indication - Emergency bradycardia

Adverse effects - Urinary retention

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59
Q

Magnesium sulphate (IV)

A

MoA - Unclear – possible alteration of Na+, K+ and Ca2+ ion balance via ion channels and transporters

Indication - Emergency arrhythmia
(Also used IV for emergency asthma)

Adverse effects - Electrolyte irregularities

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60
Q

Salbutamol, terbutaline

A

Short-acting Beta-2 adrenergic agonists

MoA - Dilates bronchial smooth muscle

Indications - Asthma, reversible airways obstruction

Adverse effects - Tachycardia, tremor

Interactions - Diuretics

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61
Q

Ipratropium

A

Short-acting anti-muscarinic

MoA - Blocks muscarinic receptors to promote bronchial dilation

Indication - Acute asthma, bronchiospasm in COPD

Adverse effects - Dry mouth, constipation

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62
Q

Tiotropium

A

Long-acting anti-muscarinic

MoA - Blocks muscarinic receptors to promote bronchial dilation

Indication - Acute asthma, bronchiospasm in COPD

Adverse effects - Dry mouth, constipation

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63
Q

Theophylline, aminophylline

A

Methylxanthines

MoA - Bronchodilator, increases cAMP in smooth muscle

Indications - Acute asthma, reversible airways obstruction

Adverse effects - Headache, nausea

Interactions - Antidepressants, salbutamol

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64
Q

Beclomethasone, Prednisolone, Hydrocortisone, Fluticasone

A

Glucocorticoids

MoA - Reduction of inflammation and mucus production

Indications - Asthma, allergic rhinitis

Adverse effects - Cough

Interactions - Aspirin

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65
Q

Montelukast, zafirlukast

A

Leukotriene antagonists

MoA - Blockade of leukotriene receptors

Indications - Asthma, allergic rhinitis

Adverse effects - Abdominal pain

Interactions - Phenobarbital

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66
Q

Dornase alfa

A

Mucolytic

MoA - Synthetic DNAse 1 – breakdown of extracellular DNA to reduce sputum viscosity

Indication - Cystic fibrosis

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67
Q

Dopaminergics

A

Levodopa (precursor); Pramipexole, Ropinirole, Rotigotine (synthetic agonists)

MoA - Increased dopamine synthesis and dopaminergic function

Indication - Parkinson’s Disease

Adverse effects - Confusion, agitation

Interactions - MAOI

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68
Q

Dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor

A

Carbidopa, Benserazide

MoA - Stops breakdown of Levadopa in the periphery by inhibiting dopa-decarboxylase

Indication - Parkinson’s Disease

Adverse effects - Confusion, agitation

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69
Q

Inhibitors of Monoamine Oxidase B (MAOI)

A

Selegiline, Rasagiline

MoA - Inhibition of dopamine breakdown

Indication - Parkinson’s Disease

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70
Q

COMT (catechol-O-methyl transferase) Inhibitors

A

Entacapone, Tolcapone

MoA - Blockade of dopamine precursor breakdown by inhibition of COMT

Indication - Parkinson’s Disease

Adverse effects - N+V

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71
Q

Anticholinergics

A

Orphenadrine, Procyclidine, Trihexphenidyl

MoA - Muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist

Adverse effects - Dry mouth, constipation

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72
Q

Dopamine-depleting drugs

A

Tetrabenazine

MoA - Blocks VMAT, preventing uptake of DA into vesicles

Indications - Huntingdon’s chorea

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73
Q

Class/Group

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

A

Sertraline, Citalopram, Fluoxetine

MoA - Inhibition of serotonin (5HT) reuptake pump in synaptic cleft

Indications - depression, generalised anxiety disorder

Adverse effects - Insomnia, nausea

Interactions - NSAIDs, lithium

74
Q

Reversible Inhibitor of Monoamine Oxidase type A (RIMA)

A

Moclobeminde

MoA - Inhibits monoamine oxidase A, preferentially decreases breakdown of serotonin and noradrenaline

Indications - Depression

Adverse effects - Tachycardia

75
Q

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

A

Amitriptyline, Nortriptyline, Dosulepin

MoA - Inhibition of noradrenaline and serotonin reuptake in synaptic cleft, H1 antagonist, M1 antagonist, Adrenergic antagonist

Indications - Depression

Adverse effects - Anticholinergic syndrome

76
Q

Atypical antidepressants

A

Reboxetine, Venlafaxine, Buproprion, Agomelatine, Mirtazepine

MoA - Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (Reboxetine); Noradrenaline/serotonin reuptake inhibitor (Venlafaxine); Noradrenaline /Dopamine reuptake inhibitor (Buproprion); Melatonin agonist (Agomelatine); Alpha-2 antagonist (Mirtazepine)

Indications - Depression

77
Q

Antipsychotics – Classical (also known as First Generation)

A

Chlorpromazine, Haloperidol

MoA - Selective D2 dopamine receptor blockade

Indication - Schizophrenia

Adverse effects -
Blurred vision, tremor,
Extrapyramidal symptoms, hypotension

78
Q

Antipsychotics – Atypical (also known as Second Generation)

A

Olanzapine, Risperidone, Quetiapine, Clozapine, Amisulpride

MoA - Selective D2 dopamine receptor blockade

Indication - Schizophrenia

Adverse effects - Extrapyramidal symptoms (less than classical antipsychotics), hypotension

79
Q

Mood stabiliser

A

Lithium carbonate

MoA - Unclear – possible neuronal calcium channel blockade

Indication - Bipolar Disorder

Adverse effects - Tremor, hypothyroidism

Interactions - NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors

80
Q

Cholinesterase inhibitors

A

Donepezil, Galantamine, Rivastigmine

MoA - Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (reversible)

Indications - Alzheimer’s Disease, mild to moderate dementia

Adverse effects - N+V

81
Q

NMDA receptor antagonist

A

Memantine

MoA - VD blocker of NDMA receptors

Indications - Alzheimer’s Disease, moderate to severe dementia

Adverse effects - constipation, hypertension

82
Q

Anxiolytics

A

Benzodiazepines, buspirone

MoA - GABA PAM (γ-subunit); 5-HT1A partial agonist (Buspirone)

Indication - Anxiety and related disorders

83
Q

Non-benzodiazepine hypnotic

A

Zopiclone

MoA - GABA PAM (γ-subunit)
Enhanced effects of GABA

Adverse effects - Insomnia

84
Q

Anti-epilepsy drugs (AEDs)

A

Sodium Valproate, Lamotrigine, Carbemazepine, Ethosuximide

MoA - Na+ channel blockers;
(Ethosuximide – Ca2+ channel blocker)

Indication - Epilepsy

Adverse effects - Nausea, blurred vision

Interactions - Macrolide antibiotics

85
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Lorazepam, Midazolam, Diazepam, Zolpidem (BDZ-like)

MoA - GABA PAM (γ-subunit)
Enhanced effects of GABA

Indications - Epilepsy, Acute seizures

Adverse effects - Drowsiness, dependence

Interactions - Sedatives

86
Q

BDZ antagonist

A

Flumazenil

MoA - Antagonises GABA signalling

Indications - Reversal of BDZ sedation

87
Q

Barbiturates

A

Phenobarbitone, Pentobarbitone, Primidone

MoA - GABA PAM (β-subunit)
Enhanced effects of GABA

Indications - Epilepsy, Acute seizures

Adverse effects - Drowsiness, fainting

Interactions - Sedatives, anti-coagulants

88
Q

Weak analgesic/antipyretic

A

Paracetamol

MoA - Unclear – possible COX inhibitor in CNS

Indications - Mild-moderate pain, pyrexia

Adverse effects - constipation

Interactions - Warfarin

89
Q

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

A

Ibuprofen, Diclofenac, Naproxen

MoA - Non-selective COX inhibitors, blockade of prostaglandin synthesis

Indications - Mild-moderate pain, inflammation

Adverse effects - GI disturbance, hypertension, Aspirin not suitable for under 16s

Interactions - Diuretics, ACE inhibitors,

90
Q

COX2-selective NSAIDs

A

Etoricoxib, Celecoxib

MoA - COX-2 inhibition, localised prostaglandin blockade

Indications - Pain, inflammation

Adverse effects - Indigestion

Interactions - ACE inhibitors, SSRIs

91
Q

Weak opioid analgesics

A

Codeine, Dihydrocodeine

MoA - Stimulation of analgesic opioid receptors

Indication - Mild-moderate pain

Adverse effects - Constipations, nausea

Interactions - sedatives

92
Q

Strong opioid analgesics

A

Morphine, Diamorphine, Pethidine, Fentanyl

MoA - Stimulation of analgesic opioid receptors

Indications - Severe pain

Adverse effects - constipation, nausea

Interactions - sedatives

93
Q

Partial/mixed agonist opioid analgesics

A

Buprenorphine, pentazocine

MoA - Modulation of analgesic opioid receptors (µ and kappa)

Indications - moderate to severe pain

Adverse effects - constipation, nausea

Interactions - sedatives

94
Q

Opioid antagonist

A

Naloxone, naltrexone

Indications - Opiate overdose, respiratory depression

Adverse effects - nausea, tachycardia

95
Q

Opioid addiction management

A

Methadone, Buprenorphine

MoA - Narcotic opioid replacement; opioid receptor agonist/modulator

Indication - Opiate addiction

Adverse effects - Constipation

Interactions - Sedatives

96
Q

Drugs for neuropathic pain

A

Gabapentin, Pregabalin, Amitriptyline

MoA - VDCC antagonist (gabapentin, pregabalin)/ TCA (amitriptyline)

Indication - neuropathic pain

Adverse effects - dizziness, fatigue

Interactions - Antidepressants

97
Q

Inhaled analgesics

A

Nitrous oxide + oxygen mixture (“Gas & Air”)
Entonox

MoA - unclear

Indications - analgesia during childbirth

Adverse effects - Decreased vitamin B12 synthesis

98
Q

Propofol, isoflurane, sevoflurane

A

General anaesthetic

MoA - Unclear - possiblel enhancement of GABA function

Indication - Induction of anaesthesia throughout major surgery

Adverse effect - hypotension

99
Q

Ketamine

A

General anaesthetic

MoA - NMDA receptor blockade

Indication - Induction of anaesthesia throughout major surgery

Adverse effect - hypotension

100
Q

Local anaesthetic

A

Lidocaine, Bupivacaine, Levobupivacaine

MoA - Voltage-gated sodium channel blockade

Adverse effects - Rash

101
Q

Non-depolarising neuromuscular blockers

A

Atracurium besilate, Vecuronium

MoA - Competitive antagonist at AChR

Indication - Tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation during surgery

Adverse effects - hypotension, skin flushing

102
Q

Depolarising neuromuscular blocker

A

Suxamethonium

MoA - Initially depolarisation and desensitisation of AChR

Indication - Tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation during surgery

Adverse effects - hypotension, skin flushing

103
Q

Sugammadex

A

Drugs for reversing neuromuscular block

MoA - Oligosaccharide that forms a complex with NMBs removing them from NMJ

Indication - Immediate reversal of NMB to reduce post-operative pulmonary complications

104
Q

Neostigmine

A

Drugs for reversing neuromuscular blocker

MoA - Peripheral acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

Indication - Immediate reversal of NMB to reduce post-operative pulmonary complications (sugammadex)
(Neostigmine also used for myasthenia gravis)

105
Q

Muscle relaxants and sedatives

A

Temazepam (BDZ), Zolpidem,
Dexmedetomidine (alpha-2 agonist)
Alfentanil, Fentanil, Remifentanil (opioids)

MoA (alpha-2 agonist) - inhibits sympathetic activity

Indication - Maintain sedation and relaxed muscle tone

Adverse effect - Bradycardia (alpha-2 agonist)

106
Q

Cyclizine

A

Anti-emetic (H1-receptor antagonist)

MoA - Histamine H1 receptor blockade

Indications - N+V

Adverse effects - Dry mouth, sedation

Interactions - Sedatives

107
Q

Domperidone

A

Anti-emetic (D2-receptor antagonist)

MoA - Dopamine D2 receptor blockade in the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone

Indications - N+V

Adverse effects - cardiac disease

108
Q

Amoxicillin, Co-amoxiclav, Piperacillin-Tazobactam (Tazocin), Flucloxacillin,
Phenoxymethylpenicillin

A

Penicillins (Beta lactam)

MoA - Beta-lactam: Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis

Indications - Respiratory infection, pneumonia, H pylori

Adverse effects - Rash, hypersensitivity

Interactions - Warfarin, methotrexate

109
Q

Meropenem

A

Carbapenems (Beta lactam)

MoA - Beta-lactam: Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis

Indications - Meningitis, hospital-acquired septicaemia

Adverse effects - Abdominal pain, pruritus

110
Q

Ceftriaxone

A

Cephalosporins (Beta lactam)

MoA - Beta-lactam Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis

Indications - Gram-negative infections (third generation), meningitis

Adverse effects - GI disturbances, colitis

Interactions - Warfarin

111
Q

Trimethoprim

A

Antifolate antibiotic

MoA - Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase

Indications - UTI

Adverse effects - Rash, GI disturbances

Interactions - Methotrexate

112
Q

Ciprofloxacin

A

Fluoroquinolones

MoA - Inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase

Indications - Respiratory tract infection

Adverse effects - Nausea, convulsions

Interactions - Iron salts, NSAIDs

113
Q

Erythromycin, Azithromycin

A

Macrolide antibiotics

MoA - Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis

Indications - pneumonia

Adverse effects. - GI disturbance, headache

Interactions - Digoxin, theophylline, statins

114
Q

Doxycycline

A

Tetracycline antibiotics

MoA - Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis

Indications - Community-acquired pneumonia

115
Q

Nitrofurantoin

A

Nitrofuran

MoA - Bacterial DNA interference

Indications - UTI

Adverse effects - peripheral neuropathy

116
Q

Gentamicin

A

Aminoglycoside antibiotic

MoA - Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis

Indication - Opthalmic infection

117
Q

Vancomycin

A

Glycopeptide antibiotic

MoA - Inhibition of cell wall synthesis in gram-positive bacteria

Indication - C. difficile infection

Adverse effects - Neutropenia, renal impairment

118
Q

Metronidazole

A

Nitroimidazole (anti-aerobe agent) - antibiotic

MoA - Inhibition of bacterial DNA synthesis

Indication - Anaerobic bacterial infection: leg ulcers, pressure sores

119
Q

Isoniazid, Ethambutol, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide

A

Antituberculosis drugs
(Used in combination)

MoA - Inhibition of mycobacterial cell wall synthesis (Isoniazid, Ethambutol); inhibition of mycobacterial RNA synthesis (Rifampicin)

Indication - Tuberculosis

Adverse effects - hepatotoxicity

120
Q

Interferon alpha

A

Therapeutic cytokines

MoA - Activation of antiviral intracellular and immune responses

Indications - Hepatitis B and C

Adverse effects - Flu-like symptoms, loss of appetite

121
Q

Aciclovir, Ganciclovir

A

DNA polymerase inhibitors

MoA - Virus replication blockade via inhibiting viral DNA polymerase

Indications - Herpes simplex infection
Cytomegalovirus infection

Adverse effects - nausea, diarrhoea

122
Q

Oseltamivir

A

Neuraminidase inhibitors

MoA - Prevention of viral budding and infectivity

Indications - Influenza virus infection

Adverse effects - N+V

123
Q

Ribavirin

A

Nucleoside analogues

MoA - Disrupts viral RNA synthesis

Indications - Hepatitis C, RSV

124
Q

Tenofovir

A

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI)

MoA - Blockade of viral reverse transcriptase function essential for viral genetic replication

Indications - HIV infection

Adverse effects - Rash, Stevens-Johnson syndrome

125
Q

Efavirenz

A

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI)

MoA - Blockade of viral reverse transcriptase function essential for viral genetic replication

Indications - HIV infection

Adverse effects - Rash, Stevens-Johnson syndrome

126
Q

Lopinavir

A

Viral protease inhibitors

MoA - Blockade of viral protease required for virus particle assembly

Indications - HIV infection

Adverse effects - GI bleeding

127
Q

Dolutegravir

A

Integrase inhibitors

MoA - Disrupts integration of HIV genome into host chromosomes

Indications - HIV infection

128
Q

Enfuvirtide

A

Viral fusion inhibitors

MoA - Blockade of virus fusion to target cell membrane

Indications - HIV infection

129
Q

Maraviroc

A

Chemokine receptor/CCR5 antagonist

MoA - Blockade of HIV binding to co-factor for cell entry

Indications - HIV infection

Adverse effects - Nausea, diarrhoea

130
Q

Fluconazole

A

Triazole anti-fungal agent

MoA - Disruption of fungal membrane function

Indications - Candida infection

Adverse effects - Nausea, abdominal pain

131
Q

Insulin

A

Blood glucose-reducing hormones

MoA - Stimulation of glucose uptake by cells

Indications - Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Adverse effects - Hypoglycaemia

Interactions - Digoxin, beta-blockers

132
Q

Oral biguanide

A

Metformin

MoA - Increases insulin sensitivity, inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis

Indications - Type 2 diabetes

Adverse effects - N+V

Interactions - Diuretics, digoxin

133
Q

Gliclazide

A

Sulphonylureas

MoA - Stimulates pancreatic insulin secretion

Indications - Type 2 diabetes

Adverse effects - hypoglycaemia

Interactions - Warfarin, NSAIDs

134
Q

Pioglitazone

A

Thiazolidinediones

MoA - Increases insulin sensitivity in muscle and adipose tissue

Indications - Type 2 diabetes

Adverse effects - weight gain

135
Q

Exenatide

A

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1) agonist

MoA - Incretin analogue – improves glucose control

Indications - Type 2 diabetes

Adverse effects - asthenia

136
Q

Sitagliptin

A

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitor

MoA - Reduces inactivation of incretins

Indications - Type 2 diabetes

Adverse effects - Headache

137
Q

Empagliflozin, Dapagliflozin

A

SGLT-2 Inhibitor

MoA - Blockade of renal Na-glucose transporter – increases urinary excretion of blood glucose

Indications - Type 2 diabetes

Adverse effects - urinary infection

138
Q

Orlistat

A

Lipase inhibitor

MoA - Inhibition of GI uptake of dietary fat

Indications - Obesity, especially in presence of Type-2 diabetes

Adverse effects - Oily stools, faecal urgency

139
Q 
Levothyroxine sodium (T4)
Liothyronine sodium (T3)
A

Thyroid hormones

MoA - Synthetic hormones

Indications - Hypothyroidism

Adverse effects - Diarrhoea, vomiting

Interactions - oral anticoagulants

140
Q

Methotrexate

A

Antifolate antiproliferative

MoA - Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase and DNA synthesis for lymphocyte proliferation

Indications - Rheumatoid arthritis

Adverse effects - nausea, hair loss

Interactions - warfarin, corticosteroids

141
Q

Azathioprine

A

Antimetabolite immunosuppressant

MoA - Unclear – possible inhibition of DNA synthesis and lymphocyte proliferation

Indications - Rheumatoid arthritis (also Crohn’s Disease)

Adverse effects - alopecia

142
Q

Adalimumab, Etanercept, Infliximab

A

Cytokine modulators

MoA - TNF-alpha blockade

Indications - Rheumatoid arthritis

Adverse effects - alopecia

143
Q

Sulfasalazine, Mesalazine

A

Aminosalicylates

MoA - Unclear – possible COX inhibition. Possible free radical scavenging, T cell suppression

Indications - Rheumatoid arthritis (also Crohn’s Disease)

Adverse effects - Nausea

Interactions - Digoxin, warfarin

144
Q

Desogestrel and ethinyl-estradiol

A

Oral combination pill contraceptives

MoA -Mimics ovulation, reduces LH and FSH

Indication - Hormonal contraception, PCOS

Adverse effects - weight gain, depression, DVT risk

145
Q

Desogestrel,

Levonorgestrel (emergency)

A

Oral mini-pill contraceptives
Progestogen-only

MoA - Mimics ovulation, reduces LH and FSH, endometrial changes

Indications - Hormonal contraception

Adverse effects - depression

146
Q

Etonogestrel

A

Implants/ injectable contraceptives

MoA - Mimics ovulation, reduces LH and FSH

Indications - Hormonal contraception

Adverse effects - Weight gain, depression

147
Q

Estradiol, Noresthisterone, Medroxyprogesterone

A

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

MoA - Restores decreased hormone level and function

Indication - menopause

Adverse effects - weight gain, depression

148
Q

Dinoprostone

A

Induction of labour

MoA - Prostaglandin E2 – stimulates cervical ripening

Indications - delay in labour

149
Q

Oxytocin

A

Augmentation agents

MoA - Stimulation of uterine contraction

Indications - Delay in labour

150
Q

Mifepristone with Misoprostol

A

Antiprogestogen/Prostaglandin for medical termination

MoA - Steroidal antiprogestogen in combination with synthetic prostaglandin

Indication - Termination of pregnancy

Adverse effects - GI cramps, uterine contractions, vaginal bleeding

151
Q

Tranexamic acid

A

Antifibrinolytic for menorrhagia

MoA - Inhibits fibrin clot breakdown by plasmin

Indications - Menorrhagia

Adverse effects - Nausea

152
Q

Mefenamic acid

A

NSAID (for dysmenorrhoea)

MoA - Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis

Indications - dysmenorrhoea

Adverse effects - GI bleeding

153
Q

Tamsulosin

A

Alpha-1 blocker

MoA - Smooth muscle relaxant acting on bladder neck

Indications - BPH, urinary retention

Adverse effects - dizziness

Interactions - hypotensive drugs

154
Q

Oxybutinin

A

Urinary antispasmodic (Antimuscarinic)

MoA - Blockade of acetylcholine receptors leading to bladder smooth muscle relaxation

Indications - Overactive bladder

Adverse effects - dry mouth, tachycardia (preceded by transient bradycardia)

155
Q

Mirabegron

A

Beta-3-agonist

MoA - Stimulation of Beta-3 adrenergic receptors, leading to detrusor smooth muscle relaxation

MoA - Overactive bladder

Adverse effects - Bladder pain

156
Q

Finasteride

A

Anti-androgens

MoA - Inhibition of synthesis of dihydrotestosterone

Indication - Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Adverse effects - impotence

157
Q

Chlorphenamine, Cetirizine

A

Anti-histamines

MoA - H1 histamine receptor blockade

Indications - Hay fever, urticaria

Adverse effects - Dry mouth, sedation

Interactions - TCAs

158
Q

Prednisolone, hydrocortisone,

Dexamethasone

A

Glucocorticoids

MoA - Intracellular transcription factor interactions, gene expression

Indications - Suppression of inflammatory diseases (e.g. Crohn’s, RA)

Adverse effects - Weight gain, muscle atrophy

Interactions - oral antidiabetics

159
Q

Cyclosporin, tacrolimus

A

Calcineurin inhibitor

MoA - Inhibition of T cell signalling

Indications - Solid organ transplantation,
Eczema (topical)

Adverse effects - Hypertension

Interactions - Aspirin

160
Q

Cyclophosphamide

A

Classical alkylating agents

MoA - DNA crosslinking

Indication - Broad spectrum of malignancies

Adverse effects - Hair loss, bone marrow suppression, nausea

161
Q

Paclitaxel, Docetaxel

A

Taxanes

MoA - Inhibition of microtubule assembly in mitotic spindle

Indication - Broad spectrum of malignancies

Adverse effects - Hair loss, bone marrow suppression, nausea

162
Q

Vincristine, vinblastine

A

Vinca alkaloids

MoA - Inhibition of microtubule assembly in mitotic spindle

Indication - Broad spectrum of malignancies

Adverse effects - Hair loss, bone marrow suppression, nausea

163
Q

Methotrexate

A

Antifolates

MoA - Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase and DNA synthesis

Indication - Broad spectrum of malignancies

164
Q

Fluorouracil, Cytarabine

A

Antipyrimidines

MoA - Inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis

Indication - Broad spectrum of malignancies

Adverse effects - Hair loss, bone marrow suppression, nausea

165
Q

Mercaptopurine, thioguanine

A

Antipurines

MoA - Inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis

Indications - Broad spectrum of malignancies

Adverse effects - Hair loss, bone marrow suppression, nausea

166
Q

Doxorubicin

A

Anthracycline antibiotics

MoA - DNA intercalation; Inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis

Indication - Broad spectrum of malignancies

Adverse effects - Hair loss, bone marrow suppression, nausea

167
Q

Trastuzumab

A

Antineoplastic monoclonal antibodies

MoA - Targeting of cells overexpressing Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2 (HER2) for tumour reduction & destruction

Indication - Early breast cancer

Adverse effects - fever, chills

168
Q

Rituximab

A

Antineoplastic monoclonal antibodies

MoA - Targeted destruction of CD20+ B cells

Indication -
Follicular lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Adverse effects - fever, chills

169
Q

Nivolumab

A

Antineoplastic monoclonal antibodies

MoA - Stimulation of anti-tumour responses via blocking PD-1

Indication - melanoma

Adverse effects - fever, chills

170
Q

Lenolidamide

A

Immunomodulator

MoA - Stimulation of T cell responses

Indication - myeloma

Adverse effects - foetal risk

171
Q

Tamoxifen

A

Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)

MoA - Inhibition of oestrogen receptor function and cell proliferation in breast

Indication - Breast cancer

172
Q

Goserelin

A

Luteinising hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) receptor agonist

MoA - Synthetic analogue of LHRH. Activates LHRH receptor function leading to sustained reduction in testosterone

Indication - Prostate cancer

173
Q

Calcitonin

A

Therapeutic Hormones

MoA - Inhibits mobilisation of calcium from bones

Indications - osteoporosis, hypercalcaemia

Adverse effects - Abdominal pain

Interactions - antacids

174
Q

Alendronate, Pamidronate

A

Bisphosphonates

MoA - Inhibits osteoclast function and bone resorption

Indications - osteoporosis, hypercalcaemia

175
Q

IV calcium gluconate, vitamine D, parathyroid hormone

A

Drugs for hypocalcaemia

MoA - Restoration of calcium levels and metabolism

Indications - Hypocalcaemia, bone loss

176
Q

Vitamin D (colecalciferol, calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D)

A

Vitamin D deficiency

MoA - Restoration of vitamin D levels

Indications - Vitamin D deficiency

177
Q

Raloxifene

A

Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) (for osteoporosis)

MoA - Stimulation of oestrogen function in bone

Indications - prevention of bone fractures

Adverse effects - hot flushes

Interactions - warfarin

178
Q

Denosumab

A

Monoclonal antibody

MoA - Inhibition of osteoclast function and bone resorption

Indication - osteoporosis

Adverse effects - hypocalcaemia

179
Q

Ferrous sulphate

A

Oral iron compound

MoA - iron provision

Indication - Iron-deficient anaemia

Adverse effects - constipation

Interactions - Antacids

180
Q

Folic acid

A

Water soluble vitamin

MoA - Supports nucleic acid synthesis

Indications - Folate-deficient anaemia

181
Q

Vitamin B12 (parenteral)

A

Water soluble vitamin

MoA - Enzyme cofactor

Indications - Pernicious anaemia

Drugs list (24 decks)

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