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Human Development (BSC5314) > Pharyngeal Apparatus Development > Flashcards

Pharyngeal Apparatus Development Flashcards

0
Q

Where are pharyngeal grooves or clefts?

A

-external and covered by ectoderm

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1
Q

What are pharyngeal arches?

A
  • 6 bilateral ridges form in cranial to caudal sequence
    • neural crest cell migration
  • support lateral walls of pharynx
  • forms the face, nasal cavities, mouth, larynx, pharynx and neck
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2
Q

Where are pharyngeal pouches?

A
  • internal and lined by endoderm

- 4 are well define with the 5th being rudimentary or absent

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3
Q

What are pharyngeal membranes?

A
  • separating the grooves from the pouches
  • ectodermal/endodermal double-layered membrane
  • resemble fish at this stage
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4
Q

What is the stomodeum?

A

-slight external depression indicating location of future mouth

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5
Q

What is the oropharyngeal membrane?

A

bilaminar membrane separating stomodeum from pharynx

- external surface covered by ectoderm
- internal surface lined by endoderm - ruptures and opens passage into forgut
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6
Q

What forms the core of pharyngeal arches?

A

mesenchyme

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7
Q

What is the mesenchyme in pharyngeal arches formed by and what does it therein form?

A
  • formed by neural crest cells
  • forms all CT and smooth mm
    • mm derived from somites
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8
Q

What covers the surfaces of pharyngeal arches?

A 
ectoderm = external surface
endoderm = internal surface
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9
Q

What does each pharyngeal arch contain?

A
  • cartilaginous rod = skeletal structures
  • mm component = somites
  • sensory/motor nn. = neuroectoderm
  • pharyngeal arch a. = truncus arteriosus
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10
Q

What does pharyngeal arch 1 (Mandibular arch) give rise to?

A
  • malleus & incus - dorsal part
  • sphenomandibular ligament and ant ligament of malleus - perichondrium of middle portion
  • mandibular prominence - forms mandible - forms by intramembranous ossification
  • maxillary prominence forms maxilla, zygomatic and temporal bone
  • maxiallary prominence
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11
Q

What does pharyngeal arch 2 (Hyoid arch) give rise to?

A
  • stapes and styloid process of temporal bone - from dorsal part
  • stylohyoid ligament - from perichondrium of middle portion of cartilage
  • lesser cornu and superior body of hyoid - from ventral portion of cartilage
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12
Q

What does pharyngeal arch 3 give rise to?

A

-greater cornu and inferior body of hyoid

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13
Q

What does pharyngeal arch 4&6 give rise to?

A
  • fuse to form laryngeal cartilages
    • thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform
  • EXCEPTION: epiglottis
    • forms from hypopharyngeal eminence on floor of pharynx
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14
Q

What does pharyngeal arch 5 form?

A

Rudimentary = no structures!

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15
Q

What are the corresponding nerves for pharyngeal arch 1?

A

V2(maxillary) and V3(mandibular) of CNV (trigeminal)

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16
Q

What mm do the nerves that correspond to pharyngeal arch 1 innervate?

A

-mm of mastication, mylohyoid, ant belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini

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17
Q

What are the corresponding n to pharyngeal arch 2?

A

CNVII (facial)

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18
Q

What mm are innervated by the nerves of pharyngeal arch 2?

A

mm of facial expression, stapedius, post belly of digastric, stylohyoid.

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19
Q

What is the corresponding n to pharyngeal arch 3?

A

CNIX (glossopharyngeal)

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20
Q

What mm do the nerves of pharyngeal arch 3 innervate?

A

stylopharyngeus

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21
Q

What is the corresponding n to pharyngeal arch 4?

A

CNX (vagus)

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22
Q

What mm do the n that correspond to pharyngeal arch 4 innervate?

A

-pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, levator veli palatini

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23
Q

What is the corresponding n of pharyngeal arch 6?

A

CNX (vagus)

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24
Q

What mm are innervated by the corresponding n of pharyngeal arch 6?

A

intrinsic mm of the larynx, striated mm in the upper esophagus

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25
Q

Where do the pharyngeal arch aa. originate from?

A

truncus arteriosus

- aortic sac persists as most of the arch of the aorta and brachiocephalic a.

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26
Q

Where do pharyngeal arch aa. terminate in?

A

dorsal aorta on the ipsilateral side

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27
Q

What does the arch a. 4 on the left contribute to?

A

arch of aorta

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28
Q

What does the arch a. 4 on the right form?

A

proximal parts of the R subclavian

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29
Q

What does arch a. 5 form?

A

NOTHING!

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30
Q

What does arch a, 6 on left persist as?

A

left pulmonary a. and ductus arteriosus

- left recurrent laryngeal n. hooks around ductus arteriosus

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31
Q

What does arch a. 6 on right persist as?

A

right pulmonary a.

- right recurrent laryngeal n hooks around R subclavian a.

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32
Q

What does the pharyngeal pouch 1 expand into?

A

tubotympanic recess

- elongates to form pharyngotympanic (Eustachian) tube

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33
Q

What does the cavity of the lateral end of the Eustachian tube become?

A

the tympanic cavity of the middle ear

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34
Q

What forms at the 1st pharyngeal membrane?

A

tympanic membrane

35
Q

What does the pharyngeal pouch 2 form?

A

tonsillar fossa which will contain the palatine tonsil

36
Q

What does pharyngeal pouch 3 give rise to?

A

Inferior parathyroid gland

Thymus

37
Q

Epithelium in what part of the 3 pouch forms the inf parathyroid gland?

A

dorsal part

38
Q

Epithelium in what part of the 3 pouch forms the thymus?

A

ventral part

39
Q

Does the thymus remain bilobed after fusion in midline?

A

yes

40
Q

What happens to the thymus and parathyroid gland in relation to the pharynx?

A

lose their connection

41
Q

What are the derivatives of pharyngeal pouch 4?

A

superior parathyroid gland

ultimopharyngeal body

42
Q

How is the superior parathyroid gland formed?

A

epithelium in the dorsal part of the pouch proliferates to form this gland
- loses connection to pharynx and becomes associated with thyroid gland

43
Q

How is the ultimopharyngeal body formed?

A

epithelium in ventral prat of pouch proliferates to form this structure

44
Q

What are parafollicular cells? where are they formed?

A

calcitonin producing cells in thryoid

from the ultimopharyngeal body

45
Q

What does pharyngeal groove 1 become?

A

external aucoustic meatus

46
Q

What does the pharyngeal membrane 1 become?

A

the tympanic membrane

47
Q

What does pharyngeal arch 2 overgrow?

A

arches 3-4 and grooves 2-4

48
Q

What does arch 2 form?

A

cervical sinus

49
Q

How common is an external branchial sinus?

A

uncommon

50
Q

An external branchial sinus is due to what?

A

failure of pharyngeal groove 2 and cervical sinus to obliterate

51
Q

Where does the sinus remain open in an external branchial sinus?

A

along the anterior border of SCM in inferior neck

52
Q

How is external branchial sinus detected in infancy?

A

mucous discharge

53
Q

How common is Internal branchial sinus?

A

very rare

54
Q

How does an internal branchial sinus formed?

A

persistent pharyngeal pouch 2

55
Q

What is a branchial fistula?

A

abnormal canal passing from tonsilar fossa through lateral side of neck
- follows course of carotid aa.

56
Q

How is a branchial fistula formed?

A

persistence of groove 2 and pouch 2

57
Q

What are branchial cysts?

A

spherical remnant of the cervical sinus or groove 2

58
Q

When are branchial cysts detected?

A

late childhood or early adulthood

- fluid accumulation

59
Q

What are branchial vestiges?

A

cartilage or bony remnants of arch cartilage

60
Q

In development of the tongue, what is the median lingual swelling (tuberculum impar)?

A

from arch 1 and forms on pharyngeal floor

does not persist as recognizable component of adult tongue

61
Q

In terms of tongue development, what is the lateral lingual swellings?

A

derived from arch 1 on either side of tuberculum impar
form 2/3 of tongue
- lingual septum = fusion
- lingual br of V3 = sensory innervation to this part of tongue

62
Q

What are portions of the tongue formed by swellings posterior to tuberculum impar?

A
  • copula

- hypopharyngeal eminence

63
Q

What is the copula?

A

lingual swelling derived from arch 2

64
Q

What is the hypopharyngeal eminence?

A
  • lingual swelling derived from arch 3&4
  • forms post 1/3 of tongue
  • CNIX = sensory innervation
65
Q

What is the sulcus terminalis?

A

V-shaped grove on line of fusion b/t ant and posterior portions of tongue

66
Q

What does thee pharyngeal arch mesenchyme give rise to?

A

CT and vasculature in tongue

67
Q

What are derived from occipital mytomes?

A

mm in tongue

68
Q

How does CNXII migrate into the tongue?

A

follows myoblasts as they migrate

69
Q

Which lingual papillae form first?

A

vallate and foliate followed by fungiform and filiform

70
Q

Which nerves supply taste buds?

A 
CNVII = ant 2/3 taste buds
CNIX = post 1/3 taste buds
71
Q

What is glossoschisis?

A

bifid or cleft tongue due to incomplete fusion of lateral lingual swellings
- deep midline groove

72
Q

What is ankyloglossia?

A

short frenulum extending to the apex of the tongue limiting protrusion of the tongue
(tongue tie)

73
Q

What is the first endocrine gland to develop?

A

thyroid gland

74
Q

In terms of the thyroid gland, where does the thyroid primordium develop from?

A

median endodermal outpouching from the floor of pharynx

- between tuberculum impar and copula

75
Q

Where does the thyroid gland descend?

A

neck anterior to hyoid bone and laryngeal cartilages

76
Q

What is the foramen cecum?

A

point of origin of original thryoglossal duct

77
Q

What is the thyroglossal duct?

A

narrow tubular connection back to tongue

78
Q

What connects the R and L lobe of the thyroid?

A

isthmus

79
Q

What is the predominance of the pryamidal lobe?

A

50%

80
Q

What kind of gland is the thyroid?

A

follicular endocrine gland

81
Q

Thyroid hormonesT3 and T4 are stored where? and affect what?

A

stored extracellularly in inactive form

affect basal met, heat production, body growth & development

82
Q

Where do thyroglossal duct cysts form?

A

anywhere along the path of thyroglossal duct

- most commonly seen just inf to the hyoid bone

83
Q

What happens when thyroglossal duct cysts get infected?

A

usually perforate the skin in median plane to become a sinus

84
Q

What type of tissues may be ectopic thyroid gland?

A

lingual thyroid tissue = more common

sublingual thyroid tissue - if present is the only thyroid tissue present.

Human Development (BSC5314) (34 decks)

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