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Human Development (BSC5314) > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

0
Q

When does the process of neurolation occur?

A

~day 22

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1
Q

What is neuralation?

A

formation of neural plate and neural tube

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2
Q

What induces the formation of the neural plate?

A

notochord and paraxial mesoderm

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3
Q

Where does neural tube closure begin near?

A

somite pair 4

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4
Q

When does the cranial neuropore close?

A

day 25

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5
Q

When does the caudal neuropore close? And what does this establish?

A

day 27, establishment of neural tube vasculature

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6
Q

What will the neural canal form?

A
  • ventricles of the brain

- central canal of SC

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7
Q

Where does the development of the spinal cord occur?

A

caudal to somite 4

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8
Q

What initially lines the neural tube?

A

pseudostratified columnar neuroepithelium

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9
Q

What does the ventricular zone refer to?

A

refers to the original neuroepithelium

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10
Q

What does the ventricular zone give rise to?

A

gives rise to spinal cord neurons, spinal cord astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells

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11
Q

How does the intermediate zone form?

A

forms by proliferation in the original ventricular zone

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12
Q

What does the intermediate zone form?

A

neuroblasts

- differentiate into spinal cord neurons

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13
Q

Where does the marginal zone form? what does it become?

A
  • peripheral to the original ventricular zone

- becomes white matter as neuronal processes grow into it from spinal cord and brain

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14
Q

Where do glioblasts reside?

A

populate ventricular, intermediate, and marginal zones

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15
Q

What do glioblasts become?

A
  • astroblasts => astrocytes

- oligodendroblasts => oligodendrocytes

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16
Q

What do ependymal cells persist as? what zone where they associated with?

A
  • ependyma lining the central canal

- ventricular zone

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17
Q

What are microglial cells differentiated from?

A

mesenchyme

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18
Q

Where do microglial cels originate from?

A

bone marrow

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19
Q

What happens to the spinal cord as the neuroepithelial cells proliferate and differentiate?

A

spinal cord walls become think and roof and floor become thin

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20
Q

What is the sulcus limitans?

A

shallow longitudinal groove on either side of central canal lumen

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21
Q

What is the alar plate?

A

dorsal longitudinal bulge in the intermediate zone

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22
Q

What will the alar plate become?

A

dorsal columns in the grey matter

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23
Q

What are located in the dorsal columns of thee grey matter?

A

afferent neurons

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24
Q

When does the dorsal median septum form?

A

as alar plate enlarge bilaterally

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25
Q

What is the basal plate?

A

ventral longitudinal bulge in the intermediate zone

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26
Q

What will the basal plate become?

A

the ventral and lateral columns in the gray matter

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27
Q

What is located within the lateral columns in the gray matter?

A

efferent neurons

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28
Q

When does the ventral median fissure form?

A

as basal plates enlarge bilaterally

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29
Q

Where are pseudounipolar neurons derived from?

A

neural crest cells

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30
Q

What passes through the DRG to enter the spinal cord?

A

central processes

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31
Q

Primordial meninx is a membrane that develops from what?

A

mesenchyme surrounding the neural tube

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32
Q

What is dura mater?

A

thickened external layer (mesenchyme origin) or primordial meninx

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33
Q

What are leptomeninges?

A

Internal layer (neural crest origin) of the primordial meninx

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34
Q

What is subarachnoid space?

A
  • separates leptomeninges into arachnoid and pia mater

- production begins week 5

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35
Q

What is the position of the SC in embryo?

A

SC extends entire length of vertebral canal

- spinal nn. exit intervertebral foramina opposite their level of origin

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36
Q

What is the position of the SC in a 6mo fetus?

A

SC conus medullaris extends to S1 vertebra

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37
Q

What is the position of the SC in a newborn infant?

A

SC conus medullaris extends L2 or L3 vertebra

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38
Q

What is the position of the SC in an adult?

A
  • SC conus medullaris extends to inferior border of L1
  • cauda equina
  • dura and arachnoid end at S2 (filum terminale externum)
  • pia extends as filum terminale internum to Cx1
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39
Q

CNS myelin is produced by what?

A

oligodendrocytes

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40
Q

Myelination of neuronal processes occurs when?

A

in late fetal period and continues through year 1 postnatally

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41
Q

Which are myelinated first, motor or sensory fibers?

A

motor

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42
Q

What does a spinal dermal sinus indicate?

A

Indicated site of closure of caudal neuropore

- last site of separation of surface ectoderm from neuroectoderm

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43
Q

What is spinal dermal sinus?

A

posterior median skin dimple in sacral region

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44
Q

What causes spina bifida occulta?

A

due to failure of embryonic halves of vertebral arch to grow and fuse in midlinw

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45
Q

Where does spina bifida occulta occur?

A

L5-S1 in ~10% of people

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46
Q

Does spina bifida occulta usually show clinical symptoms?

A

No

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47
Q

What evidence if any does spina bifida occulta show?

A

small dimple with a tuft of hair

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48
Q

What does spina bifida cystica involve?

A

protrusion of spinal cord and/or meninges through vertebral arch defect

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49
Q

What is present with spina bifida cystica?

A

a cyst-like sac

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50
Q

What is the occurrence/frequency of sspina bifida cystica?

A

1/1000

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51
Q

What neurological deficits accompany spina bifida cystica?

A
  • dermatomal sensory loss
  • complete or partial skeletal muscle paralysis
    • lumbosacral defects => sphincter paralysis
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52
Q

What can be done to detect spina bifida cystica?

A
  • amniocentesis to confirm Alpha Fetoprotein levels (will be high if cystica present) in amniotic fluid
  • ultrasound can detect cyst 10-12weeks
53
Q

What are 2 subtypes of spina bifida cystica? their occurence?

A
  • spina bifida with meningocele (10%)

- spina bifida with meningomyelocele (90%)

54
Q

What is present in cyst-like sac in spina bifida with meningocele?

A

meninges and CSF

55
Q

What is in the cyst-like sac in spina bifida with meningomyelocele?

A

spinal cord and/or spinal roots

56
Q

Is surgery and option with spina bifida with meningomyelocele?

A

surgery is possible but no functional restoration occurs

57
Q

What is myeloschisis?

A

most severe type of spina bifida

- spinal cord is open caudal neuropore failed to close

58
Q

What is the importance of Folic Acid supplements?

A

reduce the chance of neural tube deficits

59
Q

Where does the brain develop?

A

cranial to somite pair 4

60
Q

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles?

A
  • Prosencephalon (forebrain)
  • Mesencephalon (midbrain)
  • Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
61
Q

What primary brain vesicles give rise to secondary brain vesicles in the 5th week?

A

prosencephalon and rhombencephalon

62
Q

What 2 secondary brain vesicles does the prosencephalon form?

A
  • Telencephalon

- Diencephalon

63
Q

What 2 secondary brain vesicles does the rhombencephalon form?

A
  • Metencephalon

- Myelencephalon

64
Q

What primary brain vesicle doesnt dived?

A

mesencephalon

65
Q

What are the 3 flexures?

A
  • midbrain flexure
  • cervical flexure
  • pontine flexure
66
Q

Where is the midbrain flexure?

A
  • ventral fold in the midbrain region
67
Q

Where is the cervical flexure?

A

ventral fold at the junction of the hindbrain and the spinal cord

68
Q

Where is the pontine flexure located?

A

dorsal fold between the midbrain and the cervical flexures

69
Q

What is the function of the pontine flexure?

A

divides the brain into its 2 respective parts

- metencephalon (rostrally)=> pons & cerebellum
- myelencephalon (caudally)=> medulla oblongata
70
Q

The pontine flexure produces a cavity which becomes what?

A

the IV ventricle

71
Q

What does the caudal region of the developing myelencephalon resemble?

A

resembles the developing spinal cord

- closed part of the medulla

72
Q

What nuclei are present in the myelencephalon?

A
  • gracile nuclei

- cuneate nuclei

73
Q

What white tract is present in the myelencephalon?

A

pyramids

74
Q

What will the walls of the metencephalon form?

A

cerebellum and pons

75
Q

What spreads the lateral walls of the metencephalon?

A

pontine flexure

- spreads gray matter in the floor of the IV ventricle

76
Q

What is the pons and where is it located in the developing brain?

A

It is a bridge of large tracts connecting cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex and it is located within the metencephalon

77
Q

What is choroid plexus and where is it developed?

A
  • developed in roof of IV, III ventricle and medial walls of the lateral ventricles
  • produces CSF
78
Q

What are the outpouchings from the IV ventricle called?

A

median and lateral aperatures

79
Q

Does the mesencephalon undergo a lot of change?

A

comparatively little change

80
Q

What happens to the neural canal in the mesencephalon?

A

narrows to become the cerebral aqueduct

81
Q

What are the three swellings in the diencephalon?

A
  • epithalamus
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
82
Q

Where is the pineal gland?

A

median growth of caudal part of diencephalon roof associated with the epithalamus

83
Q

What is melatonin and from what is it secreted from?

A

regulates circadian rhythm and is secreted from the pineal gland

84
Q

How often do the thalamus sides fuse in midline?

A

70% of brains

85
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

relay station for afferent information heading to cerebral cortex

86
Q

What is the function of thee hypothalamus?

A

coordinates many endocrine activities in the body

87
Q

What does the hypothalamus regulate?

A

autonomic nervous system

- BP, body temp, fluid/ion balance, body weight, appetite, etc.

88
Q

What does the pituitary gland work with?

A

works with the hypothalamus as a major controller of the endocrine system

89
Q

The Neurohypophysial diverticulum is a downgrowth of what?

A

diencephalon

90
Q

What does the neurohypophysial diverticulum form?

A

The posterior lobe (nervous part)

91
Q

What is the name of the posterior lobe of the pituitary?

A

neurohypophysis

92
Q

What does the connection of the pituitary to the diencephalon persist as?

A

infundibulum

93
Q

What do neurosecretory cells secrete?

A

oxytocin & ADH

94
Q

What is the upgrowth from the roof of the stomodeum?

A

hypophysial diverticulum

95
Q

What does the hypophysial diverticulum form?

A

anterior lobe (glandular part)

96
Q

What is the name of the anterior lobe of the pituitary?

A

adenohypophysis

97
Q

What does the adenohypophysis secrete?

A

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL, GH

98
Q

Cavities in the primordial cerebral hemispheres become what?

A

lateral ventricles

99
Q

What do the lateral ventricles interact with? and how?

A

III ventricle and through the interventricular foramen

100
Q

Where is the choroid plexus located in the lateral ventricles?

A

the medial walls

101
Q

What grows more rapidly in the cerebral hemispheres?

A

the walls and roof grow more rapidly than the floor

102
Q

Trapped mesenchyme in the midline becomes what?

A

falx cerebri

103
Q

How does the temporal lobe form?

A

caudal end of cerebral hemispheres turn ventrally and rostrally

104
Q

Which commissure forms first?

A

anterior commissure

105
Q

The cortical surface is smooth or bumpy initialy?

A

smooth

106
Q

What happens to the surface area of the brain as the cortex grows? what causes this?

A

Increases surface area due to gyri and sulci

107
Q

What is the medullary center?

A

large volume of myelinated processes in the “core” of the brain

108
Q

What bony landmarks are usually associated with cranium bifidum?

A

squamous occipital bone and/or posterior foramen magnum

109
Q

What is cranial meningocele?

A

small defect with only meninges herniated

110
Q

What is cranial meningoencephalocele?

A

large defect with brain and meninges herniated

111
Q

What is cranial meningohydroeencephalocele?

A

large defect with brain, ventricular components and meninges herniated

112
Q

What is meroencephaly?

A

severe anomaly due to failure of rostral neuropore to close

- brain and calvarium (acrania) don’t develop normally

113
Q

What is exencephaly?

A

brain is exposed or extruding from cranium

114
Q

What is anencephaly?

A

misnomer for rostral neuropore closure defects

115
Q

What is microcephaly?

A

brain and calvarium are small; face is normal

116
Q

What is hydrocephaly?

A

imbalances between CSF production and absorption => accumulation in ventricular system

117
Q

Congenital aqueductal stenosis is a common form of what?

A

Hydrocephalus

118
Q

What is congenital aqueductal stenosis?

A

narrowing and blockage primarily of lateral and III ventricles
- genetic and environmental causes

119
Q

What happen to cranial bones when ventricular fluid accumulates in the cranium?

A

expand and thin

120
Q

What is Arnold-Chiari malformation?

A

Inferior displacement of vermis of cerebellum through foramen magnum

121
Q

What are sensory neurons derived from?

A

neural crest cells

122
Q

In the regions of the DRG sensory neurons start out as what? and become what later?

A

bipolar neurons => unipolar

123
Q

Where does the peripheral process terminate?

A

sensory endings

124
Q

What aspect of a sensory neuron terminates in the SC or extends up to the brain?

A

central process

125
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

ganglion support cells derived from neural crest cells

- modified schwann cells

126
Q

What emerges from the ventrolateral aspect of SC as ventral root?

A

motor neurons

127
Q

What do dorsal primary ramus supply?

A

skin, muscles etc on back

128
Q

What do ventral primary ramus supply?

A

skin, muscles etc in limbs and ventrolateral body wall

129
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A

neural crest cells that migrate into position to myelinate sensory and motor neurons

Human Development (BSC5314) (34 decks)

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