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Human Development (BSC5314) > Development of the vascular system > Flashcards

Development of the vascular system Flashcards

0
Q

What are dorsal aortas?

A

paired and run the length of the embryo

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1
Q

Where does the arterial tree originate?

A

from the aortic sac emerging from the primordial heart

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2
Q

What does the upper left dorsal aorta become?

A

the descending thoracic aorta

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3
Q

What happens to the right dorsal aorta?

A

regresses

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4
Q

What do the dorsal aortas fuse caudally to form?

A

lower thoracic and abdominal aorta

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5
Q

What do the dorsal aortas terminate caudally as?

A

the median sacral artery

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6
Q

Where do pharyngeal arch arteries arise?

A

arise from cranial portion of the dorsal aortas

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7
Q

Where doe the intersegmental arteries arise from?

A

arise from caudal portion of the dorsal arteries

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8
Q

Where do intersegmental arteries pass?

A

between somites and supply their derivatives

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9
Q

Intersegment arteries merge where to form what?

A

merge in the cervical region to form vertebral arteries

- lose their connections to the dorsal aortas

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10
Q

What do intersegmental arteries persist in the thoracic region?

A

as posterior intercostal arteries

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11
Q

What do intersegmental arteries persist as in the lumbar region?

A

as lumbar arteries

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12
Q

The fifth lumbar intersegmental arteries become what?

A

become the common iliac arteries

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13
Q

Where do the intersegmental arteries merge and what do they form?

A

merge in the sacral region to form lateral sacral arteries

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14
Q

Where do vitelline arteries branch and pass?

A

branch from dorsal aorta and pass to the umbilical vesicle

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15
Q

What does the vitelline artery persist as in the foregut?

A

the celiac trunk

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16
Q

What does the vitelline artery persist as in the midgut?

A

superior mesenteric artery

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17
Q

What does the vitelline artery persist as in the hindgut?

A

inferior mesenteric artery

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18
Q

Where do the umbilical arteries pass through?

A

pass through the connecting stalk to the chorion

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19
Q

What do the umbilical arteries carry?

A

deoxygenated blood back to the placenta

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20
Q

What do proximal segments on umbilical arteries persist as?

A

internal iliac arteries and superior vesical arteries

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21
Q

What happens to the umbilical arteries in distal segments?

A

obliterate to become the medial umbilical ligaments

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22
Q

How many paired veins are present in week 4?

A

3 pairs

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23
Q

What are the 3 pairs of veins present in week 4

A
  • vitelline veins
  • umbilical veins
  • common cardinal veins
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24
Q

What do the vitelline veins contain?

A

contain poorly oxygenated blood from umbilical vesicle

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25
Q

Between what does the vitelline veins follow?

A

follow the omphaloenteric duct (yolk sac) into embryo

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26
Q

What do the vitelline veins drain to?

A

the sinus venosus in the developing heart

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27
Q

What happens to the left vitelline vein?

A

will regress

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28
Q

What happens to the right vitelline vein?

A

forms:

- most of the hepatic portal venous system
- part of the inferior vena cava
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29
Q

What do umbilical veins contain?

A

contain highly oxygenated blood from the chorion

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30
Q

Where do umbilical veins drain to originally?

A

originally drain to sinus venosus

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31
Q

Where do umbilical veins drain to later on?

A

lose connection to the heart and drain to liver as liver enlarges

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32
Q

What happens to the right umbilical and cranial part of left umbilical vein?

A

degenerate

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33
Q

What does the left umbilical vein persist as?

- where does it carry blood from?

A

persists as the umbilical vein

- carries oxygenated blood from placenta to embryo

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34
Q

Where does the ductus venoses develop?

A

in the liver

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35
Q

Where does the ductus venosus shunt blood?

A

shunts blood from umbilical vein to inferior vena cava

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36
Q

What is the the importance of the ductus venosus?

A

allows most oxygenated blood to bypass liver sinusoids and go directly to heart

37
Q

What do the common cardinal veins contain?

A

contain poorly oxygenated blood from body of embryo

38
Q

What does the common cardinal veins receive?

A

receive the anterior and posterior cardinal veins on each side

39
Q

Where does the common cardinal veins drain?

A

drains to sinus venosus

40
Q

What do the anterior cardinal veins drain?

A

drain cranial parts of the embryo

41
Q

What happens in week 8 to the 2 cardinal veins?

A

an anastomosis forms between the 2 anterior cardinal veins

42
Q

What forms from the anastomoses of the anterior cardinal veins?

A

left brachiocephalic vein

- left anterior and left common cardinal veins degenerate

43
Q

The right anterior and right common cardinal veins form what?

A

superior vena cava

44
Q

What do posterior cardinal veins drain?

A

drain caudal parts of the embryo

45
Q

What do the posterior cardinal veins develop as?

A

develop as the vessels of the mesonephric kidneys

- largely disappear with the degeneration of these kidneys
- essentially replaced by subcardinal and supracardinal veins
46
Q

What do posterior cardinal veins form in adults?

A

arch of azygous vein and common iliac veins

47
Q

What develops first in posterior cardinal veins?

A

subcardinal veins

48
Q

What do subcardinal veins form part of?

A

form part of IVC, left renal vein, bith suprarenal veins ad both gonadal veins

49
Q

What develops later in posterior cardinal veins?

A

supracardinal veins

50
Q

Where do supracardinal veins separate?

A

separate craniocaudally in the area of the kidneys

51
Q

What do supracardinal veins forrm?

A

form azygous vein and hemiazygouz vein superior the separation in the area of the kidneys

52
Q

Inferior to the separation in the area of the kidneys, what does the right supracardinal vein become? left supracardinal vein?

A
  • right = IVC

- left = degenerates

53
Q

The hepatic segment of inferior vena cava is derived from what?

A

right vitelline vein

54
Q

The prerenal segment of the inferior vena cava is derived from what?

A

right subcardinal vein

55
Q

The subcardinal-supracardinal anastomoses makes what segment of the inferior vena cava?

A

renal segment

56
Q

The right supracardinal vein forms what inferior vena cava segment?

A

postrenal segment

57
Q

Where might the IVC be discontinuous in in IVC anomalies?

A

in abdomen or in live ( both are uncommon)

58
Q

What is the venous return in a discontinuous IVC?

A
  • diverts venous return through azygous system

- hepatic veins may drain directly to right atrium

59
Q

What causes a double SVC?

A

due to a persistent left anterior cardinal vein and common cardinal vein

60
Q

What does a double SVC drain?

A

usually drains to right atrium via coronary sinus

61
Q

What causes a left SVC?

A

due to a persistent left anterior cardinal vein and degeneration of right

62
Q

Where does a left SVC drain?

A

usually drains to right atrium via coronary sinus

63
Q

What does the umbilical vein carry?

A

carries oxygen rich and nutrient rich blood from placenta

64
Q

What does the ductus venosus allow?

A

allows approximately half of this blood to bypass the liver into the IVC

65
Q

Where does the other half of the blood from ductus venosus flow through?

A

through liver sinusoids and enters IVC via hepatic veins

66
Q

What does the IVC contain in fetal circulation?

A
  • nutrient rich and oxygen rich blood contributed indirectly by umbilical vein
  • typical venous return from abdomen, pelvic and lower extremities
67
Q

Through what does most blood in IVC pass from right atrium to left atrium?

A

foramen ovale

68
Q

Whats the importance of having a small amount of blood to pass to the right ventricle and then through the pulmonary trunk?

A

allows right ventricle to develop while having some work to do

69
Q

Which ventricle is thicker during fetal development?

A

the wall of the right ventricle

- due to pulmonary vascular resistance in utero

70
Q

What is the function of the 10% of blood in the pulmonary trunk which goes to the lungs?

A

to supply oxygen to the lungs

71
Q

What does the 90% of blood in the pulmonary trunk passing through the ductus arteriosus supply?

A

shunts blood into the descending aorta for distribution to the fetus

72
Q

What is the circulation pattern in the fetus from left atrium?

A

left atrium => left ventricle => ascending aorta

73
Q

What is of high value to the fetus from the placenta?

A

blood to heart, head, neck and upper extremities

74
Q

What adds blood to the descending aorta?

A

ductus arteriosus

75
Q

What is of medium value to the fetus from the placenta?

A

blood to abdomen, pelvis, lower extremities

76
Q

In neonatal circulation, what happens to the umbilical vein?

A

remains patent for some time, months

77
Q

What does the umbilical vein become in neonatal circulation?

A

becomes the ligamentum teres (or round ligament of the liver)

78
Q

What does the ductus venosus become? why?

A

becomes the ligamentum venosum

- closes as no blood is flowing through the umbilical vein
- blood pressure in IVC and right atrium decreases because of this change
79
Q

What happens when lungs start to function?

A
  • pulmonary vascular resistance decreases
  • pulmonary blood flow increases
  • BP in L atrium increases above R atrium
  • Increased L atrial pressure closes foramen ovale
    • septum primum and secundum fuses ~3months
    • adult remnant = fossa ovalis
80
Q

What happens to the lungs with reduced pulmonary vascular resistance?

A

right ventricle atrophies

81
Q

What happens to the left ventricle with increased systemic vascular resistance?

A

hypertrophies

82
Q

What happens to blood flow in initially in the ductus arteriosus in noenatal circulation? after 96 hours of birth?

A
  • blood flow initially reverses

- ductus arteriosus closes completely within 96hrs

83
Q

What does the ductus arteriosum become?

A

ligamentum arteriosum

84
Q

What are the umbilical arteries visible as in neonatal circulation?

A

visible as the obliterated umbilical arteries (or medial umbilical ligaments)
- located in medial umbilical folds of the adults

85
Q

What is a patent ductus arteriosus a result of?

A

associated with maternal rubella infection during pregnancy

86
Q

What is associated with a patent ductus arteriosus?

A

associated with hypoxia and low birth weight

- aortic blood shunts to pulmonary trunk

87
Q

What is Aortic coarctation?

A

constriction of the aorta along a segment of varying length; distal to the origin of left subclavian artery

88
Q

What is postductal coarctation?

A

constriction occurs just distal to the ductus arteriosus

- permits development of a collateral circulation during fetal development to supply inferior regions of body

89
Q

What is a preductal coarctation?

A

constriction occurs just proximal to thee ductus arteriosus

- fetal circulation to inferior regions is dependent on ductus arteriosus

Human Development (BSC5314) (34 decks)

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