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Human Development (BSC5314) > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

0
Q

What are the gut regions and associated arterial supply?

A 
foregut = celiac trunk
midgut = superior mesenteric a
hindgut = inferior mesenteric a
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1
Q

What seals off the cranial and caudal ends of the digestive system?

A

oropharyngeal membrane and cloacal membrane

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2
Q

What are the foregut derivatives?

A

pharynx, lower resp system, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, liver, gall bladder and biliary duct system, pancreas

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3
Q

Where does the esophagus develop?

A

immediately caudal to pharynx

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4
Q

How does the esophagus separate from the trachea?

A

via the tracheoesophageal septum

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5
Q

Arches 4&6 derive what in terms of the esophagus?

A

striated mm in upper part of muscularis externa

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6
Q

Where is the smooth mm in the lower part of muscularis externa derived from?

A

splanchnic mesoderm

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7
Q

What CN innervates the esophageal mm?

A

CNX

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8
Q

What is esophageal atresia?

A

incomplete separation of esophagus from laryngotracheal tube

  • associated with polyhydramnios
  • infant appears healthy at birth but drools and regurgitates immediately when feeding
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9
Q

What is esophageal stenosis?

A

narrowing of the esophagus usually due to incomplete recanalization

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10
Q

What is congenital hiatal hernia?

A

failure of the esophagus to lengthen sufficiently

displacement of stomach cardia superiorly through esophageal hiatus

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11
Q

In the developing stomach, what does the dorsal mesentary do?

A

connects tube to dorsal wall of abdominal cavity

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12
Q

In the developing stomach, what does the ventral mesentery do?

A

connects tube to ventral wall of the abdominal cavity

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13
Q

What border of the stomach grows faster?

A

dorsal border grows faster than ventral border

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14
Q

What happens to the borders of the stomach with differential growth causing a 90* clockwise rotation?

A

ventral border = ends up on the right

dorsal border = ends up on the left

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15
Q

What happens to the surfaces of the stomach with differential growth causing a 90* clockwise rotation?

A

left surface = ventral surface

right surface = dorsal surface

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16
Q

What happens to the cranial & caudal ends of the stomach with differential growth causing a 90* clockwise rotation?

A 
cranial = shifts left and slightly inferiorly
caudal = shifts right and slightly superiorly
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17
Q

What facilitates stomach mvmts?

A

omental bursa (lesser sac)

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18
Q

What forms the omentum?

A

dorsal mesentery = greater omentum

ventral mesentery = lesser omentum

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19
Q

How does the omental bursa communicate with the greater sac?

A

via omental (epiploic) foramen

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20
Q

In terms of the gut, what has a dual origin?

A

duodenum

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21
Q

What are the origins of the duodenum and what is the junction point?

A

caudal end of foregut & cranial end of midgut

major duodenal papilla = junction point

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22
Q

Where does the duodenum loop?

A

right side

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23
Q

What is duodenal stenosis?

A

partial or complete failure to recanalize the duodenal lumen
usually distal to the major duodenal papilla
bilious emesis (vomiting with bile) occurs a couple hrs after birth

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24
the larger cranial part of the hepatic diverticulum develops into what?
liver
25
bile formation colours meconium what colour?
dark green
26
What does the small part of the hepatic dievrticulum develop into?
gall bladder
27
What does the stalk of the diverticulum remain as?
the cystic duct and the common bile duct
28
What are the ventral mesentary derivatives?
lesser omentum - hepatogastric l. & hepatoduodenal l. falciform l. visceral peritoneum of liver and gall bladder
29
How does the pancreas develop?
forms as 2 pancreatic buds (dorsal and ventral) from caudal portion of the foregut
30
What does the dorsal pancreatic duct form?
part of head of pancreas, body and tail
31
What does the ventral pancreatic bud form?
uncinate process and part of head of pancreas
32
Which of the pancreatic buds is larger?
dorsal
33
What side of the foregut does the ventral pancreatic bud rotate around?
right side
34
How is the main pancreatic duct formed?
formed by fusion of ducts from dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds
35
What forms the accessory pancreatic duct?
proximal part of duct in dorsal pancreatic bud may persist
36
What does the main pancreatic duct join up with at the hepatopancreatic ampulla?
common bile duct
37
What is annular pancreas?
ring of pancreatic tissue encircling descending segment of duodenum may cause obstruction of duodenum
38
What are midgut derivatives?
duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum & appendix, ascending colon, proximal 1/2-2/3 of transverse colon
39
The cranial end of the midgut loop grows rapidly to become what?
most of the small intestine - duodenum, jejunum, proximal ileum
40
The caudal end of the midgut loop does not grow as much and forms what?
distal ileum, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
41
What is congenital omphalocele?
persistent herniation of midgut derivatives into proximal umbilical cord abdominal cavity is proportionally small
42
What is an umbilical hernia?
intestines returned to abdominal cavity in week 10 but then something herniates through imperfectly closed umbilicus - usually greater omentum or part of small intestine
43
What does nonrotation of the gut imply?
small intestines = right side of abdomen large intestines = left side of abdomen midgut volvulus - catastrophic twisting of midgut
44
What is ileal diverticulum?
remnant of proximal part of omphaloenteric duct | finger-like pouch proximal to ileocecal junction
45
What are the hindgut derivatives?
distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, superior part of anal canal
46
What is the cloaca?
expanded terminal part of hindgut
47
What are the surfaces of the cloacal membrane lined by?
inner surface - endoderm of cloaca | outer surface - ectoderm of proctodeum
48
What is the urorectal septum?
mesenchyme growth that divides cloaca into dorsal and ventral parts - rectum and cranial part of anal canal form dorsally - urogenital sinus forms ventrally
49
What forms when the urorectal septum fuses with cloacal membrane?
perineal body
50
Where do the external anal sphincter mm develop?
the anal membrane which forms dorsally from the fusion
51
What develops from the urogenital membrane?
superficial transverse perineal, bulbospongiousus, ischiocavernosus
52
What is the arterial, venous and nerve supply to the superior 2/3 of the anal canal?
``` aa = sup. rectal vv = sup. rectal nn = autonomic ```
53
What is the arterial, venous and nerve supply to the inferior 1/3 of the anal canal?
``` aa = inf. rectal vv = inf. rectal nn = somatic with sensation for pain, temp, touch, and pressure ```
54
What is the pectinate line?
junction between hindgut derivative (superior 2/3) and proctodeum derivative (inferior 1/3) of anal canal - original location of anal membrane
55
What is congenital megacolon (Hirschsprug Disease)?
absence of postgang. neurons in myenteric plexus of a variable length of distal colon - due to failure of neural crest cells to migrate here - involves sigmoid colon and rectum - affected segment is constricted due to inability to relax
56
What is anal agenesis?
when the anal canal ends blindly - fistula into vagina or urethra - due to incomplete partitioning of urorectal septum
57
What is anal stenosis?
when urorectal septum deviates dorsally
58
What is membranous atresia of the anus?
when anal membrane fails to rupture
59
What is anorectal agenesis?
when rectum ends blindly - fistula into vagina or urinary bladder - meconium may be seen in vagina or urine - due to incomplete partitioning by urorectal septum
60
What is rectal atresia?
when rectum is separated from anal canal

Human Development (BSC5314) (34 decks)

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