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Human Development (BSC5314) > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

0
Q

What are the gut regions and associated arterial supply?

A 
foregut = celiac trunk
midgut = superior mesenteric a
hindgut = inferior mesenteric a
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1
Q

What seals off the cranial and caudal ends of the digestive system?

A

oropharyngeal membrane and cloacal membrane

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2
Q

What are the foregut derivatives?

A

pharynx, lower resp system, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, liver, gall bladder and biliary duct system, pancreas

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3
Q

Where does the esophagus develop?

A

immediately caudal to pharynx

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4
Q

How does the esophagus separate from the trachea?

A

via the tracheoesophageal septum

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5
Q

Arches 4&6 derive what in terms of the esophagus?

A

striated mm in upper part of muscularis externa

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6
Q

Where is the smooth mm in the lower part of muscularis externa derived from?

A

splanchnic mesoderm

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7
Q

What CN innervates the esophageal mm?

A

CNX

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8
Q

What is esophageal atresia?

A

incomplete separation of esophagus from laryngotracheal tube

  • associated with polyhydramnios
  • infant appears healthy at birth but drools and regurgitates immediately when feeding
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9
Q

What is esophageal stenosis?

A

narrowing of the esophagus usually due to incomplete recanalization

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10
Q

What is congenital hiatal hernia?

A

failure of the esophagus to lengthen sufficiently

displacement of stomach cardia superiorly through esophageal hiatus

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11
Q

In the developing stomach, what does the dorsal mesentary do?

A

connects tube to dorsal wall of abdominal cavity

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12
Q

In the developing stomach, what does the ventral mesentery do?

A

connects tube to ventral wall of the abdominal cavity

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13
Q

What border of the stomach grows faster?

A

dorsal border grows faster than ventral border

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14
Q

What happens to the borders of the stomach with differential growth causing a 90* clockwise rotation?

A

ventral border = ends up on the right

dorsal border = ends up on the left

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15
Q

What happens to the surfaces of the stomach with differential growth causing a 90* clockwise rotation?

A

left surface = ventral surface

right surface = dorsal surface

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16
Q

What happens to the cranial & caudal ends of the stomach with differential growth causing a 90* clockwise rotation?

A 
cranial = shifts left and slightly inferiorly
caudal = shifts right and slightly superiorly
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17
Q

What facilitates stomach mvmts?

A

omental bursa (lesser sac)

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18
Q

What forms the omentum?

A

dorsal mesentery = greater omentum

ventral mesentery = lesser omentum

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19
Q

How does the omental bursa communicate with the greater sac?

A

via omental (epiploic) foramen

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20
Q

In terms of the gut, what has a dual origin?

A

duodenum

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21
Q

What are the origins of the duodenum and what is the junction point?

A

caudal end of foregut & cranial end of midgut

major duodenal papilla = junction point

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22
Q

Where does the duodenum loop?

A

right side

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23
Q

What is duodenal stenosis?

A

partial or complete failure to recanalize the duodenal lumen
usually distal to the major duodenal papilla
bilious emesis (vomiting with bile) occurs a couple hrs after birth

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24
Q

the larger cranial part of the hepatic diverticulum develops into what?

A

liver

25
Q

bile formation colours meconium what colour?

A

dark green

26
Q

What does the small part of the hepatic dievrticulum develop into?

A

gall bladder

27
Q

What does the stalk of the diverticulum remain as?

A

the cystic duct and the common bile duct

28
Q

What are the ventral mesentary derivatives?

A

lesser omentum
- hepatogastric l. & hepatoduodenal l.
falciform l.
visceral peritoneum of liver and gall bladder

29
Q

How does the pancreas develop?

A

forms as 2 pancreatic buds (dorsal and ventral) from caudal portion of the foregut

30
Q

What does the dorsal pancreatic duct form?

A

part of head of pancreas, body and tail

31
Q

What does the ventral pancreatic bud form?

A

uncinate process and part of head of pancreas

32
Q

Which of the pancreatic buds is larger?

A

dorsal

33
Q

What side of the foregut does the ventral pancreatic bud rotate around?

A

right side

34
Q

How is the main pancreatic duct formed?

A

formed by fusion of ducts from dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds

35
Q

What forms the accessory pancreatic duct?

A

proximal part of duct in dorsal pancreatic bud may persist

36
Q

What does the main pancreatic duct join up with at the hepatopancreatic ampulla?

A

common bile duct

37
Q

What is annular pancreas?

A

ring of pancreatic tissue encircling descending segment of duodenum
may cause obstruction of duodenum

38
Q

What are midgut derivatives?

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum & appendix, ascending colon, proximal 1/2-2/3 of transverse colon

39
Q

The cranial end of the midgut loop grows rapidly to become what?

A

most of the small intestine - duodenum, jejunum, proximal ileum

40
Q

The caudal end of the midgut loop does not grow as much and forms what?

A

distal ileum, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

41
Q

What is congenital omphalocele?

A

persistent herniation of midgut derivatives into proximal umbilical cord
abdominal cavity is proportionally small

42
Q

What is an umbilical hernia?

A

intestines returned to abdominal cavity in week 10 but then something herniates through imperfectly closed umbilicus
- usually greater omentum or part of small intestine

43
Q

What does nonrotation of the gut imply?

A

small intestines = right side of abdomen
large intestines = left side of abdomen
midgut volvulus - catastrophic twisting of midgut

44
Q

What is ileal diverticulum?

A

remnant of proximal part of omphaloenteric duct

finger-like pouch proximal to ileocecal junction

45
Q

What are the hindgut derivatives?

A

distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, superior part of anal canal

46
Q

What is the cloaca?

A

expanded terminal part of hindgut

47
Q

What are the surfaces of the cloacal membrane lined by?

A

inner surface - endoderm of cloaca

outer surface - ectoderm of proctodeum

48
Q

What is the urorectal septum?

A

mesenchyme growth that divides cloaca into dorsal and ventral parts

  • rectum and cranial part of anal canal form dorsally
  • urogenital sinus forms ventrally
49
Q

What forms when the urorectal septum fuses with cloacal membrane?

A

perineal body

50
Q

Where do the external anal sphincter mm develop?

A

the anal membrane which forms dorsally from the fusion

51
Q

What develops from the urogenital membrane?

A

superficial transverse perineal, bulbospongiousus, ischiocavernosus

52
Q

What is the arterial, venous and nerve supply to the superior 2/3 of the anal canal?

A 
aa = sup. rectal 
vv = sup. rectal
nn = autonomic
53
Q

What is the arterial, venous and nerve supply to the inferior 1/3 of the anal canal?

A 
aa = inf. rectal
vv = inf. rectal
nn = somatic with sensation for pain, temp, touch, and pressure
54
Q

What is the pectinate line?

A

junction between hindgut derivative (superior 2/3) and proctodeum derivative (inferior 1/3) of anal canal
- original location of anal membrane

55
Q

What is congenital megacolon (Hirschsprug Disease)?

A

absence of postgang. neurons in myenteric plexus of a variable length of distal colon

- due to failure of neural crest cells to migrate here
- involves sigmoid colon and rectum
- affected segment is constricted due to inability to relax
56
Q

What is anal agenesis?

A

when the anal canal ends blindly

  • fistula into vagina or urethra
  • due to incomplete partitioning of urorectal septum
57
Q

What is anal stenosis?

A

when urorectal septum deviates dorsally

58
Q

What is membranous atresia of the anus?

A

when anal membrane fails to rupture

59
Q

What is anorectal agenesis?

A

when rectum ends blindly

  • fistula into vagina or urinary bladder
  • meconium may be seen in vagina or urine
  • due to incomplete partitioning by urorectal septum
60
Q

What is rectal atresia?

A

when rectum is separated from anal canal

Human Development (BSC5314) (34 decks)

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