Pharmacology Module 1 Overview Flashcards
Define Pharmacology
–the study of drugs
Branch of government responsible for process of approving drugs
–the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Chemical name
–the name indicating the drug’s chemical structure
Code name
–a name assigned that shows potential of the drug
Generic name
–the name assigned by the USAN council when drug shows therapeutic use
Official Name
–is the generic name when the drug is fully approved by the FDA
–example: ibuprofen
Trade Name
–is the brand name
–example: advil
Process of IND approval
–Phase 1: small number, healthy subject
–Phase 2: small number, subject with disease
–Phase 3: large, multicenter studies
Parts of a prescription
–1. patients name, address and the date the prescription was written.
–2. Rx: refers to the medication that needs to be made.
–3. lists the name and quantity of the drug being prescribed.
–4. directions on how to prepare the medication.
–5. Instructions to the patient
—example: take 1 p.o (by mouth) QID (4 times a day)
6. Name of the prescriber
Define over-the-counter drugs
–when a person is able to purchase a medication without a prescription
Intended purpose of giving aerosolized agents via oral or nasal inhalation
–intended to provide a local treatment of the respiratory tract.
Advantages of giving aerosolized agents via oral or nasal inhalation
–smaller doses
– fewer side of effects
–onset is rapid
–target the respiratory system
–painless, and relatively safe
3 Major phases of drug actions
–The Drug Administration: identifies drug dosage forms and routes of administration
–Pharmacokinetic: deals with absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.
–Pharmacodynamics: what the drug does to the body
Portal of entry= route of administration
–this includes oral (enteral), injection, or inhalation
–the drug must be compatible with one of the routes desired
5 routes of administration
–Enteral: involves the mouth-swallowing-GI tract
—-ex: tablets, capsules
–Parenteral (Injectable): injection of the drug
—-Ex: Intravenous/IV
–Transdermal: applied to the skin for a systemic effect
—-ex: patch, paster
–Inhalation: must be inhaled into the airways
—-ex: gas, aerosol
–Tropical: applied to the skin for a local effect
—-ex: powder, lotion
Parental routed require needles for IV, IM, SC, IO
–Intravenous (IV): injected directly into the veins
–Intramuscular (IM): injected deep into the skeletal muscle
–Subcutaneous (SC): injected into the subcutaneous tissue
–Intraosseous (IO): injected into the marrow of the bone
Factors that affect absorption: route of administration
–barriers can affect the drug’s time onset and time to peak effect
Factors that affect absorption: metabolism
–breaks down the drug
Factors that affect absorption: inactivation of stomach acids
–
Factors that affect absorption: blood flow to site
–
Organ primarily responsible for metabolism
– the liver
Organ primarily responsible for excretion of
– the kidneys
Intended effects for aerosols- local and sometimes systemic
What percent of aerosol reaches the lower respiratory tract
exact
–10-30%
What is synergism
–occurs when two drugs act on a target organ by different mechanisms of action, and the effect of the drug pair is greater than the sum of the separate effect of the drug
what is additivity
–occurs when two drugs act on the same receptors and the combined effect is the simple linear sum of the effect of the two drugs, up to maximal effect
what is potentiation
–a special case of synergism in which one drug has no effect but can increase the activity of the other drug
define pharmacogenetics
–refers to hereditary differences in which the body handles a specific drug
Main uses of aerosol therapy
–1. humidification of dry inspired gases using bland aerosols
–2. improved mobilization and clearance of respiratory secretions, including sputum induction, using bland aerosols of water and hypertonic saline
–3. Delivery of aerosolized drugs to the respiratory tract
Advantages of Aerosol therapy
–smaller doses
–rapid onset
–drug is targeted for a local affect
–fewer side effect
–painless and effective
Disadvantages of Aerosol therapy
–numerous variables affect the dose
–dose estimation and dose reproducibility are inconsistent
–difficulty in coordination of hand action and breathing
–many different device types
Particle size range for pulmonary diagnostic and therapeutic applications
1-10
Define Aersol
–is a suspension of solid or liquid particles
What % of aerosol reaches the lower respiratory tract regardless
– 10-15%
Purpose of end-inspiratory breath hold used in conjunction with aerosol delivery
–allows better deposition through gravitational settling
Advantages of using a small volume nebulizer (SVN)
–ability to aerosolize many drugs
–ability to aerosolize drug mixtures
–useful in young patients
–drug concentrations and dose can be modified
–effective with low inspiratory volume
Disadvantages of SVN
–treatment time
–equipment can be expensive
–there are many different types of devices
–it can be inconsistent
Propellant to MDIs
– atomize droplets containing drugs, which should ideally deposit into the lungs
Factor that affect the use an MDI
–loss of dose
–shaking canister
–timing of actuation intervals
–open mouth versus closed mouth use
–loss of prime
–must be kept in room temperature
Correctly using MDI
–shake and mix canister
–spray at least one puff before each use
–insert the chamber
–breath out completely
–place mouthpiece of chamber between teeth and seal lips
–press canister once
–breath in slowly
–hold breath up to 10 seconds
–wait 1 or 2 minutes in between
Timing between each actuation of an MDI?
1-5 minutes
How to use MDI when a spacer is unavailable
–breath out completely
–place mouthpiece of inhaler between teeth and seal lips tightly or hold MDI 2 finger width away from open mouth
–as you start to breath in slowly press down in on the canister one time
Limitation to the use of a DPI
–limited range of drugs available
–high inspiratory flow rates needed
–high oropharyngeal impaction
–some devices have to be loaded before each use
When is a reservoir device indicated
–allows space and time for more vaporizations of the propellants
–helps more aerosols enter the lungs
Cardiovascular side effect of adrenergic agents
–mimic the sympathetic
system
–flight or fight response
–heart rate and blood pressure
Afferent impulses
–afferent nerves carry impulses from the periphery to the cord
–going towards
Efferent Impulses
–nerve fibers that carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord out to various neuroeffectors
–going out
Neurotransmitters Ach
–conducts nerve transmission at the ganglionic site and at the parasympathetic effector site at the end of the postganglionic fiber
–heart
NE sites
–sympathetic tissue/ organ site
–sweat gland
