Pharmacology Module 1 Overview

Question 1

Define Pharmacology

Answer 1

–the study of drugs

Question 2

Branch of government responsible for process of approving drugs

Answer 2

–the U.S. Food and Drug Administration

Question 3

Chemical name

Answer 3

–the name indicating the drug’s chemical structure

Question 4

Code name

Answer 4

–a name assigned that shows potential of the drug

Question 5

Generic name

Answer 5

–the name assigned by the USAN council when drug shows therapeutic use

Question 6

Official Name

Answer 6

–is the generic name when the drug is fully approved by the FDA
–example: ibuprofen

Question 7

Trade Name

Answer 7

–is the brand name
–example: advil

Question 8

Process of IND approval

Answer 8

–Phase 1: small number, healthy subject
–Phase 2: small number, subject with disease
–Phase 3: large, multicenter studies

Question 9

Parts of a prescription

Answer 9

–1. patients name, address and the date the prescription was written.
–2. Rx: refers to the medication that needs to be made.
–3. lists the name and quantity of the drug being prescribed.
–4. directions on how to prepare the medication.
–5. Instructions to the patient
—example: take 1 p.o (by mouth) QID (4 times a day)
6. Name of the prescriber

Question 10

Define over-the-counter drugs

Answer 10

–when a person is able to purchase a medication without a prescription

Question 11

Intended purpose of giving aerosolized agents via oral or nasal inhalation

Answer 11

–intended to provide a local treatment of the respiratory tract.

Question 12

Advantages of giving aerosolized agents via oral or nasal inhalation

Answer 12

–smaller doses
– fewer side of effects
–onset is rapid
–target the respiratory system
–painless, and relatively safe

Question 13

3 Major phases of drug actions

Answer 13

–The Drug Administration: identifies drug dosage forms and routes of administration
–Pharmacokinetic: deals with absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.
–Pharmacodynamics: what the drug does to the body

Question 14

Portal of entry= route of administration

Answer 14

–this includes oral (enteral), injection, or inhalation
–the drug must be compatible with one of the routes desired

Question 15

5 routes of administration

Answer 15

–Enteral: involves the mouth-swallowing-GI tract
—-ex: tablets, capsules
–Parenteral (Injectable): injection of the drug
—-Ex: Intravenous/IV
–Transdermal: applied to the skin for a systemic effect
—-ex: patch, paster
–Inhalation: must be inhaled into the airways
—-ex: gas, aerosol
–Tropical: applied to the skin for a local effect
—-ex: powder, lotion

Question 16

Parental routed require needles for IV, IM, SC, IO

Answer 16

–Intravenous (IV): injected directly into the veins
–Intramuscular (IM): injected deep into the skeletal muscle
–Subcutaneous (SC): injected into the subcutaneous tissue
–Intraosseous (IO): injected into the marrow of the bone

Question 17

Factors that affect absorption: route of administration

Answer 17

–barriers can affect the drug’s time onset and time to peak effect

Question 18

Factors that affect absorption: metabolism

Answer 18

–breaks down the drug

Question 19

Factors that affect absorption: inactivation of stomach acids

Answer 19

–

Question 20

Factors that affect absorption: blood flow to site

Answer 20

–

Question 21

Organ primarily responsible for metabolism

Answer 21

– the liver

Question 22

Organ primarily responsible for excretion of

Answer 22

– the kidneys

Question 23

Intended effects for aerosols- local and sometimes systemic

Question 24

What percent of aerosol reaches the lower respiratory tract
exact

Answer 24

–10-30%

Question 25

What is synergism

Answer 25

--occurs when two drugs act on a target organ by different mechanisms of action, and the effect of the drug pair is greater than the sum of the separate effect of the drug

Question 26

what is additivity

Answer 26

--occurs when two drugs act on the same receptors and the combined effect is the simple linear sum of the effect of the two drugs, up to maximal effect

Question 27

what is potentiation

Answer 27

--a special case of synergism in which one drug has no effect but can increase the activity of the other drug

Question 28

define pharmacogenetics

Answer 28

--refers to hereditary differences in which the body handles a specific drug

Question 29

Main uses of aerosol therapy

Answer 29

--1. humidification of dry inspired gases using bland aerosols --2. improved mobilization and clearance of respiratory secretions, including sputum induction, using bland aerosols of water and hypertonic saline --3. Delivery of aerosolized drugs to the respiratory tract

Question 30

Advantages of Aerosol therapy

Answer 30

--smaller doses --rapid onset --drug is targeted for a local affect --fewer side effect --painless and effective

Question 31

Disadvantages of Aerosol therapy

Answer 31

--numerous variables affect the dose --dose estimation and dose reproducibility are inconsistent --difficulty in coordination of hand action and breathing --many different device types

Question 32

Particle size range for pulmonary diagnostic and therapeutic applications

Answer 32

1-10

Question 33

Define Aersol

Answer 33

--is a suspension of solid or liquid particles

Question 34

What % of aerosol reaches the lower respiratory tract regardless

Answer 34

-- 10-15%

Question 35

Purpose of end-inspiratory breath hold used in conjunction with aerosol delivery

Answer 35

--allows better deposition through gravitational settling

Question 36

Advantages of using a small volume nebulizer (SVN)

Answer 36

--ability to aerosolize many drugs --ability to aerosolize drug mixtures --useful in young patients --drug concentrations and dose can be modified --effective with low inspiratory volume

Question 37

Disadvantages of SVN

Answer 37

--treatment time --equipment can be expensive --there are many different types of devices --it can be inconsistent

Question 38

Propellant to MDIs

Answer 38

-- atomize droplets containing drugs, which should ideally deposit into the lungs

Question 39

Factor that affect the use an MDI

Answer 39

--loss of dose --shaking canister --timing of actuation intervals --open mouth versus closed mouth use --loss of prime --must be kept in room temperature

Question 40

Correctly using MDI

Answer 40

--shake and mix canister --spray at least one puff before each use --insert the chamber --breath out completely --place mouthpiece of chamber between teeth and seal lips --press canister once --breath in slowly --hold breath up to 10 seconds --wait 1 or 2 minutes in between

Question 41

Timing between each actuation of an MDI?

Answer 41

1-5 minutes

Question 42

How to use MDI when a spacer is unavailable

Answer 42

--breath out completely --place mouthpiece of inhaler between teeth and seal lips tightly or hold MDI 2 finger width away from open mouth --as you start to breath in slowly press down in on the canister one time

Question 43

Limitation to the use of a DPI

Answer 43

--limited range of drugs available --high inspiratory flow rates needed --high oropharyngeal impaction --some devices have to be loaded before each use

Question 44

When is a reservoir device indicated

Answer 44

--allows space and time for more vaporizations of the propellants --helps more aerosols enter the lungs

Question 45

Cardiovascular side effect of adrenergic agents

Answer 45

--mimic the sympathetic system --flight or fight response --heart rate and blood pressure

Question 46

Afferent impulses

Answer 46

--afferent nerves carry impulses from the periphery to the cord --going towards

Question 47

Efferent Impulses

Answer 47

--nerve fibers that carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord out to various neuroeffectors --going out

Question 48

Neurotransmitters Ach

Answer 48

--conducts nerve transmission at the ganglionic site and at the parasympathetic effector site at the end of the postganglionic fiber --heart

Question 49

NE sites

Answer 49

--sympathetic tissue/ organ site --sweat gland