CH.4 Infection Control

Question 1

About how many patients develop a healthcare associated infection

Answer 1

4%

Question 2

How are infections categorized?

Answer 2

Where it originated

Question 3

Community onset

Answer 3

those that develop outside the hospital.

Question 4

Nosocomial or Hospital onset

Answer 4

those that develop in the hospital.

Question 5

Health care-associated infections (HAI)

Answer 5

refers to infections that develop in a patient during the course of medical treatment.

Question 6

Infection Protection Programs (IP)

Answer 6

Help decrease hospital-acquired infection. They commonly organize and coordinate the hospital.

Question 7

What are the 3 spread of transmission

Answer 7

1. A source or reservoir of pathogen
2. A route of transmission for the pathogen
3. A susceptible host

Question 8

Sources of Infection Agents

Answer 8

1. Humans are the personal source
   2.Inmate objects
   3.People who contaminate their local hospital environment
   4.People

Question 9

What is a susceptible host

Answer 9

Susceptibility and resistance to infection vary greatly
Host factors increasing the chance of infection

Question 10

Who is susceptible host that is most impacted by

Answer 10

1. Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus
2. Extremes of ages
3. underlying acquired HIV
4. Latrogenic- we can give it to them.
   chemotherapy
   placement of tubes and catheters

Question 11

What are the modes of transmission

Answer 11

1. Contact (direct and indirect
2. Droplets
3. Airborne

Question 12

Contact Transmission

Answer 12

Most common route

Question 13

Direct contact

Answer 13

Occurs less frequently than indirect in the care environment

Question 14

Indirect contact

Answer 14

The most frequent mode of transmission in the healthcare environment

Question 15

Droplet transmission

Answer 15

A form transmission via respiratory droplets
3 feet rule

Question 16

How is it generated?

Answer 16

Respiratory droplets are when an individual is coughing, sneezing, or talking.

Question 17

Airborne Transmission

Answer 17

Occur via the spread of airborne droplet nuclei.
These are small particles of evaporated droplets.
They last for a longer period of time in the air.
Travel a longer distance.

Question 18

Obligate Transmission

Answer 18

Under natural conditions, disease occurs after transmission only through airborne aerosols.
example- TB

Question 19

Preferential Transmission

Answer 19

Natural infection results from transmission through multiple routes but airborne is predominates.
example- Measels

Question 20

Opportunistic Transmission

Answer 20

Microorganisms that cause diseases through other routes-droplet or contact but during certain environmental conditions may be transmitted by airborne.
Example- Sars

Question 21

Other Transmission

Answer 21

Not involving person-to-person
Contaminated food, water, or medication

Question 22

Creating a Safe Culture

Answer 22

Starts by the creation by leadership, at all levels of culture of safety to patients and health care workers

Question 23

Comprehensive Unit-Based Safety Program

Answer 23

survey for employees to help an organization assess its culture. to report errors and mistakes at the hospital

Question 24

Employee immunization and Chemoprophylaxis

Answer 24

other efforts to protect health care workers

Question 25

Standard infection prevention

Answer 25

Eliminate pathogen. Recommended practices for cleaning and disinfecting noncritical surfaces in patient care areas

Question 26

The 2 major removal of environmental pathogens

Answer 26

1. General Sanitation measures 2. Specialized equipment processing

Question 27

General Sanitation measures

Answer 27

helps keep the overall environment clean at a safe level.

Question 28

Specialized Equipment processing

Answer 28

to decontaminate equipment capable to spreading infection.

Question 29

Eliminating the Source

Answer 29

Bactericidal- kills bacteria Bacteriostatic- methods and techniques that inhibit the growth of bacteria Sporicidal- destroys spores Virucidal- destroys virsus

Question 30

Interrupting Transmission

Answer 30

Health care personnel must take measures to stop infection Best practice recommendations by Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Question 31

Standard Precautions

Answer 31

-- the simplest level of infection control -- the primary strategy for the prevention of health care-associated transmission of infection --healthcare work should employ PPE

Question 32

Types of Standard Precautions

Answer 32

--hand hygiene --gloves --mouth eye protection, face shields --respiratory protection --gowns --patient care equipment --occupational health and blood-born pathogens --patient placement

Question 33

Cough Etiquette

Answer 33

--education of health care personnel, patients, and visitors --posted signs in language appropriate to the population served with instructions for patients and accompanying family members or friends --source control measure: covering the mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or placing a surgical mask on a coughing person when possible --hand hygiene after contact with respiratory secretions --spatial separation( less than or equal to 3 feet from persons with respiratory infections in common waiting areas

Question 34

Transmission-Based Precautions: contract precautions

Answer 34

--intended to reduce the risk for transmission by direct or indirect contact with the patient or the patient's environment

Question 35

Transmission-Based Precautions: Droplet precautions

Answer 35

--employed for patients with presumed or confirmed infection with organisms known to be transmitted by respiratory droplets

Question 36

Transmission-Based Precautions: airborne infection isolation

Answer 36

-- isolation techniques intended to reduce risk of selected infectious agents transmitted by "small droplets" of aerosol particles --use N-95 respirator --room must be negative pressured to have air exchanges per hour, and use HEPA filters

Question 37

Transport of infected patients

Answer 37

--limit the transport of patients with contagious disease --the patient needs to wear appropriate barrier protection --if manually ventilating during the transport of a patient on respiratory precautions, ensure that a filter is placed on the expiratory side of the manual resuscitator device

Question 38

Cleaning

Answer 38

--is the first step in all equipment processing --removing dirt and organic material --failure to clean equipment properly can render all subsequent processing efforts ineffective --soaps and detergent need to be used --noncritical items, such as commodes, intravenous pump, and ventilators surfaces, must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected before use with another patient

Question 39

Disinfection

Answer 39

--destroys vegetative form of all pathogens except bacterial spores --disinfection can involve either chemical or physical methos pasteurization is most common physical method

Question 40

Chemical disinfection

Answer 40

--involves application of chemical solutions to contaminated equipment or surfaces --equipment must be immersed in solution for set period of time --many chemical methods used to disinfect respiratory care equipment --labels should be read carefully and instructions properly followed during use

Question 41

Sterilization

Answer 41

--destroys all microorganisms --can be achieved with physical and chemical approaches

Question 42

Steam sterilization

Answer 42

--most common and easiest --low temperature sterilization technologies include ethylene oxide: colorless and toxic gas ----- less the 60 C --medical devices contacting sterile body tissues or fluids are critical items and should be sterile before use

Question 43

Immediate use Sterilization

Answer 43

--previously referred to as flash sterilization --item is placed in an open tray or a specially designed container to allow for rapid penetration of steam --not recommended as a routine method of sterilization