Funds Exam 1 Flashcards
Transfer of heat will take place
–conduction
–convection
–radiation
–evaporation and condensation
Flammable gases
– are not used in hospitals
– gases that are used in hospitals are combustible and need a heat source
Nonflammable gas
–it does not burn and will not explode
–Oxygen
–Nitric Oxide
–Helium
–Air
–Carbon Dioxide
–Nitrous Oxide
Gases that support combustion
–Oxygen supports combustion, making burning brighter, hotter, and faster
–Nitric Oxide
–nitrous oxide
Gases that are classifies as therapeutic
–are used to relieve symptoms and improve oxygenation of patients with hypoxemia
–Air
–Nitrogen (N2)
–Oxygen (O2)
–Carbon dioxide (CO2)
–Helium (He)
–Nitric Oxide (NO)
Factors associated with each size of oxygen/air cylinder
–gas flow
– cylinders size
–cylinder pressure at the start of therapy
How convert between Kelvin, Celsius and Fahrenheit
– C to K: K= C +273
–K to C: C= K-273
– F to C: C= (F -32) / 1.8
–C to F: F= (1.8 x C) + 32
What is Conduction
–Heat transfer in solids occurs mainly in Conduction
– main method of heat transfer is the transfer of energy by direct contact between hot and cold molecules
–direct contact between two substances
–
What is Convection
–heat transfer in both liquids and gases occur mainly through convection
–involves the mixing of fluids molecules at different temperature
–contact between substances
–occurs in infant incubators
–occurs when cold metals in room temperature are quickly draw heat away of the skin
What is Radiation
–occurs without direct physical contact
–radiations occurs in light settings which are invisible to the eye
–transmitted using waves or particles
–radient energy is commonly used to keep newborn infants warm
What is Kinetic energy
–is the energy in motion
–most internal energy gases is in the form of kinetic energy
–example: a falling object
–internal energy
What is Potiential energy
–is referred to the energy of position
–is the result of the strong attractive forces between molecules
–weak in a gas state
– internal energy
What is condesation
–gases become liquids
–must give heat back to the surroundings warming.
what is vaporization
–is the change of state from liquid to gas, or gas to liquid
–requires heat energy
–For example: compressed and liquefied oxygen is kept in tanks, then exposed to ambient temps, and then vaporized into gaseous form to give to patients
–one form of vaporization is evaporation
–takes heat from the air around a liquid for cooling
what is surface tension
–is the force by unit length exerted by like molecules at the surface of a liquid
–is responsible for the spherical shape of liquid droplets and their ability to keep their shape when placed in aerosol suspension
what is diffusion
–The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself
what is sublimation
– is the term used for the phase transition from a solid to a vapor without becoming a liquid in intermediary form
–example: dry ice
What is Buoyancy
–property of liquids
–variations in liquid pressure within a container produce an upward supporting force
–it’s an effect on why certain objects float in water
–helps keep solid particles suspended in gases (aerosols
What is capillary Action
–is a phenomenon is which liquid in a small tube moves upward against gravity
–involves both adhesive and surface tension
Where does capillary action take place in the hospital
–in blood samples
–absorbent wicks in used in some gas humidifiers
–certain types of nebulizers
What is dew point
–opposite of melting
–temperature at which substance freeze
what is melting point
–the changeover from a solid to a liquid
–the temperature at which melting occurs
What boiling point
–heating liquid to the temperature at which its vapor
–most liquefied gases is very low
–liquid oxygen boils at -183 C
–is the temperature that at which its vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure
what is humidity
–measurement of the water vapor content
–Absolute Humidity: the actual amount or weight of water vapor in a gas; saturated water vapor capacity
–Relative Humidity: is the ratio of water vapor content
what is vapor pressure
–refers to the tendency of a liquid to change to a gaseous state.
–in a closed system the amount of liquid is changed into vapor equals the amount of vapor condensing back into a liquid
the normal water vapor pressure in a human at a constant normal temperature
–when water is converted to vapor, it acts like a gas
–water vapor pressure represents the kinetic activity of water molecules in air
– Air that is fully saturated with water vapor has absolute humidity of 43.8 mg/L at 37° C, 760 mm Hg, and water vapor pressure of 47 mm Hg
what laminar
–fluid moving in discrete cylindrical layers or streamlines
what is turbulent
–loss of regular streamlines; fluid molecules form irregular eddy current in a chaotic pattern
what is a transitional flow?
–is a mixture of laminar and turbulent flow
Different forms of Vaporization
–Evaporation: heat is taken from the air surrounding the liquid, cooling the air.
–Evaporative cooling: the liquid evaporates and cools
—–example: when the body produces sweat to cool down
–Absolute humidity: water vapor
—actual amount or weight of water vapor in gas; varies with temperature and pressure
–Liquid-to-vapor
What is the FDA purity standards required for medical oxygen
–require an O2 purity of at least 99%
The purpose and function of zone valves in a central piping system
–closed for system maintenance or in case of fire
The requirements and regulations for all cylinders
–color coded and marked with metal stamping on the shoulder
–stamping indicated size, normal filling pressure, serial number, ownership, and method of manufacturer
–safety tests are conducted every 5 or 10 years
Cylinder safety system
–cylinder markings
–color coding
–labeling
–standardized testing
–standardized valves
–connection indexing system
–regulation and standardization of filling and refilling of cylinders
Standards when storing medical gas cylinders
–store in racks or chain to wall
–do not store combustible material in the vicinity of cylinders
–store away from heat sources
–store flammable gases separately from gases that support combustion
–Keep cylinder cap in place if the cylinder is not in use
–post “No Smoking” signs near storage units
–Store liquid O2 containers in a cool well-ventilated area
Purpose and functions of central piping system
–used to deliver compressed gas to all areas throughout hospital
–The main alarm warns of pressure drops or interruptions in flow from source
The purpose of zone valves in hospitals
– designed to vent gas to the atmosphere if the tank is heated
–prevents tank pressure from becoming too high
the process and purpose behind “cracking”
–secure cylinders at the patient’s beside
–do not use flammable materials
–” Crack” or open the cylinder valve slightly to move dust before attaching the regulator
–post “ No Smoking” signs
What is a regulator
–contents of full gas cylinders greater than 2000psi
–respiratory equipment calibrated for 50 psi working pressure
–preset or adjustable
–is used to control both pressure and flow
What is flowmeter
–is used to control flow to patients
–allow the rate of gas flow to the patient to be set and controlled
–Thorpe Tube types: commonly used to show true flow
Abbrev. for common medical gases
–Oxygen (O2)
–Helium (He)
–Nitric Oxide (NO)
–Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Associated cylinder color
–Oxygen (O2): green
–Air: yellow
–Helium (He): brown
–Nitric Oxide (NO): Blue
–Nitrous Oxide (N2O): blue
–Carbon dioxide (CO2): gray
Formula for the duration of time an oxygen tank will last
–Psi x D (0.16)’\ L/min
–Psi x E (0.28)’\ L/min
–Psi x G (2.41)’\ L/min
–Psi x H or K (3.14) ‘\ L/min
Properties of: Oxygen
–colorless, odorless, transparent, and tasteless
–slightly heavier than air
–not very soluble in water
–nonflammable but greatly accelerates combustion
Properties of: Air
–colorless, odorless, naturally occurring gas mixture
–contains 20.95% O2, 78.1% nitrogen, and about 1% trace gases
Properties of Carbon Dioxide
– is colorless and odorless with a specific gravity of 1.52
–does not support combustion
–calibration of blood gas analyzers
–diagnostic purposes in clinical laboratory
Properties of Helium
–odorless, tasteless, nonflammable, and chemically and physiologically inert
–less density than air
–must always be mixed with at least 20% O2
Properties of Nitric Oxide
–colorless, nonflammable, toxic gas that supports combustion
–exposure to high concentrations alone can cause tissue hypoxia
–FDA approved for use in treatment of term and near term infants with hypoxic respiratory failure
Properties of Nitrous Oxide
–colorless gas with a slightly sweet odor and taste
–clinically used as an anesthetic agent
–must always be mixed with oxygen
–risks: long term exposure can lead to neuropathy issues, fetal disorders, spontaneous abortions
