Pharmacology - chapter 26 - Adrenal hormones

Question 0

What is the principal human glucocorticoid?

Answer 0

cortisol

Question 1

To what organs are mineralocorticoid receptors mainly confined?

Answer 1

excretory organs: kidney, colon, salivary and sweat glands

Question 2

glucocorticoid effect on intermediary metabolism?

Answer 2

1 favor gluconeogenesis
2 stimulate protein caabolism
3 stimultae lipolysis - augement GH effect on hormone sensitive lipase

Question 3

glucocorticoid effect on blood cell levels in plasma?

Answer 3

decrease: eosinophis, basophils, monocytes and lyphocytes
increase: hgb, erythrocytes, platelets and polymorphonuclear cells

Question 4

Glucocorticoid effect on inflammation?

Answer 4

• indirect inhibition of Phosphoipase A2(block arachidonic acid release)
• reduction of COX synthesis
• lowering histamine release by inferfering with mast cell degranulation.

Question 5

Mineralocorticoid principal effects?

Answer 5

control body water volume and concentration of electrolytes, especially sodium and potassium.

Question 6

Aldosterone leads to increased reabsorption of ……………. and decreased reabsorption of …………….

Answer 6

Aldosterone leads to increased reabsorption of Sodium, Bicarbonate and Water and decreased reabsorption of Potassium, which is lost in urine along with protons.

Question 7

Hyperaldosteronism effect on blood volume, pH and electrolytes?

Answer 7

Increased reabsorption of Na = hypervolemia and hypertension

Increased excretion of K+ and H+ = hypokalemia and alkalosis

Question 8

adrenocortical insufficiency =

Answer 8

addison disease

Question 9

What drug is administered to treat addison disease?

Answer 9

hydrocortisone, which is identical to natural cortisol.

Question 10

What is dexamethasone suppression test?

Answer 10

a test used to differentiate the cause of cushing syndrome. dexamethasone suppress cortisol release in people with pituitary-dependent Cushing syndrome, but not from those with adrenal tumors.

Question 11

Glucocorticoid effect on inflammation?

Answer 11

dramatically reduce the manifestations of inflammation by redistributing leukocytes to other compartments, decreasing the number of lymphocytes, basophils, eosinophils and monocytes, inhibiting the ability of macrophages and leukocytes to recognize antigens. Glucocorticoids also stabilize the membrane of mast cells and basophils, thereby inhibiting histamine release.

Question 12

Triamcinolone?

Answer 12

glucocrticoid used to treat allergies. Applied topically to the respiratory tract through inhalation.

Question 13

Cortisols effect on fetal lungs?

Answer 13

Cortisol is a regulator of lung maturation. A dose of betamethasone or dexamethasone can be administered to the mother prior to birth, to lower risk of RDS.

Question 14

Glucocorticoid in plasma are bound to……?

Answer 14

albumin and corticoid-steroid binding globulin.

Question 15

Glucocorticoid drug of choice in pregnancy?

Answer 15

Prednisone, because it minimizes effect on the foetus.

Question 16

Most common adverse effect of glucocorticoids.

Answer 16

Ost i en pose - osteoporose. Because glucocorticoids supress intestinal Ca absorption, inhibit bone formation and decrease sex hormone synthesis.

Question 17

Complication associated with glucocorticoid withdrawal?

Answer 17

If the patient has experienced hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal (HPA)suppression, abrupt removal of drugs may cause acute adrenal insufficiency syndrome, which can be fatal.

Question 18

Ketoconazole, spironolacetone and eplerenone are all ………. ?

Answer 18

inhibitors of adrenocorticoids

Question 19

Ketoconazole?

Answer 19

inhibits all gonadal and adrenal steroid synthesis. Used to treat Cushing syndrome.

Question 20

Spironolacetone?

Answer 20

antihypertensive drug that competes for mineralocortocoid receptor and by this mechanism inhibits reuptake of Na in the kidneys. Spironolacetone can also inhibit testosterone and aldosterone synthesis.

Question 21

Eplerenone?

Answer 21

acts as aldosterone antagonist by binding to mineralocorticoid receptor.