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Principles > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

what a drug does to the body (biological effects and mechanism of action)

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2
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

what the body does to the drug (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs and their metabolism)

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3
Q

Absorption

A

drug is absorbed from the site of administration, entry into plasma

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4
Q

Distribution

A

drug reversibly leaves the bloodstream and is distributed into interstitial and intracellular fluids

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5
Q

metabolism

A

drug transformation by metabolism by the liver and other tissue

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6
Q

excretion

A

drug and/or drug metabolites excreted in urine, faeces or bile

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7
Q

What is a drug?

A

any single synthetic, or natural substance known structure used in treatment, prevention, or diagnosis of disease

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8
Q

How do drugs move around the body?

A

bulk flow (via circulatory system) or diffusion

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9
Q

agonist

A

a drug that binds to a receptor to produce a cellular response

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10
Q

antagonist

A

a drug that reduces or blocks the action of an agonist by binding to the same receptor

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11
Q

what does the the proportion of ionisation of a drug defend on ?

A

the pKa of the drug and local pH

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12
Q

endocytosis

A

transport of large drugs across the cell membrane

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13
Q

what do the pKa and pH look like when 50% of the drug is ionised and 50% is unionised

A

pH=pKa

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14
Q

Reaction for acids

A

AH—> A- + H+

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15
Q

Reaction for bases

A

BH—> B + H+

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16
Q

what determines the proportion of ionised and unionised drugs in a given pH environment

A

The Henderson- Hasselbach equation

17
Q

what ways can the small molecules cross cell membrane?

A

Passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis

18
Q

medicine

A

a chemical preparation containing one or more drugs used with the intention of causing therapeutic effect

19
Q

how do drugs act?

A

by binding to regulatory proteins (enzymes, carrier molecules, carrier molecules, ion channels and receptors)

20
Q

receptors

A

macromolecules on, or within the cytoplasm or in some cases in the nucleus, cells that mediate biological action of hormones, neurotransmitters and other endogenous substances.

21
Q

example of agonist

A

adrenaline is a drug (and hormone) that binds to receptors (beta adrenoceptors) in the heart to increase cardiac rate and force

22
Q

example of antagonist

A

beta blockers are a class of drug that bind to beta receptors in the heart to block the binding of adrenaline, they increase In the cardiac rate and force caused by adrenaline

23
Q

what shape is relationship between response and agonist concentration on semi logarithmic graph

A

S shaped

24
Q

what’s an agonist with low efficacy

A

a partial agonist

25
Q

Drug targets in the body

A

enzymes, carrier molecules, ion channels, receptors, DNA and RNA

26
Q

endogenous

A

substance within the body

27
Q

exogenous

A

substance from outside the body

28
Q

affinity

A

the ‘strength association’ between ligand and receptor

29
Q

efficacy

A

the ability of the agonist to evoke a response (higher the efficacy, the larger the response)

30
Q

potency

A

amount of drug needed to produce a given effect

31
Q

relationship between agonist concentration and receptor occupancy

A

the higher dose given the greater concentration of agonists , meaning more receptors occupied giving a greater response

32
Q

What’s EC50

A

the concentration of agonist that elicits half a maximal response (at which 50% of the receptors are occupied)

33
Q

ED50

A

dose at which 50% of receptors are occupied

34
Q

why is a semi logarithmic plot used

A

it allows a very large range of agonist concentration to be plotted conveniently. (response is plotted on y axis and is regular scale whereas the agonist concentration is plotted on a log scale on the x axis)

35
Q

What can be determined from the semi logarithmic plot

A

EC50 and ED50

36
Q

what is the response between the concentration (or dose) and agonist concentration said to be?

A

sigmoidal

37
Q

What is potency determined by?

A

EC50

38
Q

What is efficacy determined by?

A

maximum response

39
Q

What’s the antagonists efficacy like

A

they have none

Principles (17 decks)

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