Muskoskeletal Flashcards
What makes up the axial skeleton?
bones of skull, neck and trunk
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
bones of the pectoral grille, upper limbs, pelvic girdle and lower limb
What is the bone called in the arm?
humerus
What are the 2 long bones in the forearm called?
radius and ulna
What are the bone in the wrist called?
carpal bones
What are the bones in the palm called?
metacarpals
What are the bones in the fingers called?
phalanges
What is the long bone in the thigh called?
femur
What are the bones in the leg called?
tibia and fibula
What are the bones in the hind/mid foot called?
tarsal bones
what are the bones in the forefoot called?
metatarsals
what are the bones in the toes called?
phalanges
When do bony features develop?
during bony growth
what makes uppitiest the skeleton?
bones and cartilage
What are the function of the bones?
support and protection of body organs, calcium metabolism, red blood cell formation, attachment of skeletal muscle
What is the difference between structure of cartilage and bone?
bone is hard, connective tissue whereas cartilage is less rigid
where is cartilage usually located?
where mobility is required at the articulations (joints)
where does movement of skeletal muscle occur?
at the joints in deep to deep fascia
What are the different subtypes of joints?
synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous
why does it hurt so much when you dislocate a joint?
because of the excellent sensory nerve supply
where are anastomoses common?
over the joints
what do longer muscle fibres allow?
greater potential range of shortening and so greater range of movement produced at the joint
What are the 2 points of attachment to the bone?
the origin on one side of the joint and the insertion on the other side
What do tendons do?
attach the muscle to bone
What’s an aponeurosis?
a flattened tendon, most commonly associated with flat muscle these attach muscle to soft tissue rather than bone
What are the 2 types of reflexes?
protective and automatic
What are the main reflexes involving skeletal muscle?
stretch reflex and flexion withdrawal reflex
what is a protective reflex?
a rapid, predictable, involuntary reflex
What is an autonomic reflex?
a movement made unconsciously by nervous system and muscles
what’s an example of a test used for deep tendon reflex?
using hammer
What is muscle spasticity?
the muscle has an intact and functioning motor nerve, the descending controls from the brain are not working, on examination the muscle would have increased tone
What is muscle paralysis?
a muscle without a functioning motor nerve supply is ‘paralysed’, a paralysis muscle cannot contract, on examination the muscle would have reduced tone
