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Principles > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Components of Cell

A 
75-85% Water 
10-20% Protein 
2-3% Lipid 
1% Carbohydrate 
1% Inorganic
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2
Q

What cells have most water?

A

Embryonic

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3
Q

Features common to all eukaryotic cells

A

an outer membrane,
inner cytosol,
cytoskeleton ,
organelles ,inclusions

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4
Q

Role of plasmalemma

A

separates cytoplasm from the outer environment

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5
Q

Whats is the plasmalemma made up of?

A

amphipathic phospholipid molecules

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6
Q

what does the plasmalemma contain?

A

integral proteins

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7
Q

examples of integral proteins

A

receptors, channels, transporters, enzymes and cell attachment proteins

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8
Q

What can the plasmalemma do

A

exocytose and endocytose

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9
Q

What is the plasmalemma permeability like?

A

highly permeable to H20, O2 and small hydrophobic molecules whereas charged ions are virtually impermeable

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10
Q

why is a bi layer important

A

because both inside the cytoplasm and outside the cell are water loving environments and so hydrophilic head must face both

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11
Q

organelles

A

small ‘organs’ of the cell that have a specific function and are essential for life

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12
Q

examples of organelles

A

mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and nucleus

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13
Q

inclusions

A

are there for specific purposes but are not necessary for life

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14
Q

example of inclusion

A

adipose cells in brown fat

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15
Q

what is the cytoskeleton made up of?

A

filamentous proteins

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16
Q

3 main filaments

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules

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17
Q

how do filaments become attached to the cell membrane

A

by anchoring and joining proteins to form a dynamic 3D internal scaffolding in the cell

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18
Q

What are microfilaments composed of

A

fine brands of protein actin

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19
Q

what makes microfilaments dynamic cytoskeletal elements?

A

they can assemble into filaments and later dissociate

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20
Q

how small are microfilaments

A

smallest filament (7nm)

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21
Q

what do intermediate filaments do?

A

bind intracellular elements together and to plasmalemma

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22
Q

size of intermediate filaments

A

10-15nm

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23
Q

why are intermediate filaments subdivided into classes?

A

these are used in pathology to identify tumour origins

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24
Q

what do intermediate filaments form?

A

a network through out the cytoplasm

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25
Q

what do microtubules consist of?

A

they are hollow tubules composed of alpha and beta tubular subunits

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26
Q

where do microtubules originate from?

A

the centrosome

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27
Q

What is the role of microtubules?

A

participate in production of spindle and proteins such as dyeing and kinesis attach to microtubules and move vesicles by dragging them along the microtubules

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28
Q

Kinesin

A

ATPase that moves towards the cell periphery

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29
Q

Dynein

A

ATPase that moves toward the cell centre

30
Q

How is the nucleus structures?

A

it is surrounded by a nuclear envelope which is composed of an inner and outer nuclear membrane with nuclear pores, between the two membranes there’s the perinuclear cistern which is continuous with the cistern of the ER and the outer membrane is studded with ribosomes and continuous with the rough ER

31
Q

Function of nucleus

A

location of RNA synthesis, mRNA and tRNA are transcribed in nucleus, rRNA is transcribed in the nucleolus

32
Q

What does the nucleus contain

A

Euchromatin and heterochromatin

33
Q

Euchromatin

A

DNA that is more dispersed and is actively undergoing transcription

34
Q

heterochromatin

A

DNA that is highly condensed and not undergoing transcription

35
Q

what is the nucleus surrounded by

A

double membrane

36
Q

where are ribosomes formed

A

the nucleolus

37
Q

what are ribosomes made up of

A

small subunit (which binds RNA) and a large subunit (which catalyses the formation of peptide bonds.

38
Q

What does the export of ribosome depend on?

A

the nuclear pore complex

39
Q

What does the ER form

A

a network of interconnecting membrane bound compartments in the cell

40
Q

how does the ER look in micrographs

A

appears as flattened membrane sheets or elongated tubular profiles

41
Q

What does the RER do?

A

Site of protein synthesis and initiation of glycoprotein formation

42
Q

What is expected if you see lots of RER?

A

there will be lots of protein production

43
Q

What does SER do?

A

produces lipids and continues protein synthesis

44
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus made up of?

A

made up of flattened, membrane bound cisternae which are arranged in sub compartments

45
Q

What arrives at the Golgi apparatus?

A

transport vesicles from the RER/SER

46
Q

What does Golgi apparatus do?

A

functions in the modification and packaging of macromolecules that were synthesised in the ER

47
Q

What is the mitochondria composed of

A

an outer membrane and an extensively folded inner membrane folded to form cristae

48
Q

Role of mitochondria

A

generate ATP via oxidative phosphorylation and involved in synthesis of certain lipids

49
Q

How do mitochondria synthesis proteins?

A

they contain their own DNA and system

50
Q

What are intercellular junctions

A

specialised membrane structures which link individual cells together into a functional unit

51
Q

The three types of junctions

A

Occluding, Anchoring and communicating junctions

52
Q

Anchoring/adherent junctions

A

link submemnrane actin bundles of adjacent cells

53
Q

communicating junctions (gap junctions)

A

allow selective diffusion of molecules between adjacent cells

54
Q

intercellular junctions (junctional complex)

A

a close association of several types of junctions found in certain epithelial tissues

55
Q

How can things be transported in and out of the cell?

A

diffusion, transport proteins and by incorporation into vesicles

56
Q

Endocytosis and exocytosis

A

material from extracellular space can be incorporated into the cell by endocytosis. The cell membrane invaginate, fuses and newly made endocytotic vesicle buds into the cell. Exocytosis works in a reverse fashion to discharge material

57
Q

How is tissue prepared to watch under a microscope?

A
  • Tissue placed in a fixative (formalin), preserves in in a life like state
  • Tissue is dehydrated, put in organic solvent and placed in hot wax until it has fully penetrated/impregnated the tissue.
  • tissue is thinly sliced (1-15µm) using a microtome to allow light to pass through
  • placed on microscope slides, wax is washed out and tissue is rehydrates
  • this can produce ARTIFACTS (distortions/changes from original tissue e.g. shrinkage)
58
Q

most common stain

A

H and E

59
Q

Haematoxylin

A

basic dye that has an affinity for acidic molecules and stains them purplish blue

60
Q

Eosin

A

an acidic dye that has an affinity for basic molecules and stains them pinkish red

61
Q

Why are epithelial cells good for covering surfaces?

A

because they have strong adhesion between them meaning they’re tightly bound and have little intercellular space

62
Q

How do epithelial cells receive nutrients?

A

they are non vascular, so nutrients must diffuse across the the basal lamina

63
Q

what can epithelia also form?

A

solid organs and glands

64
Q

shapes of epithelia

A

squamous, cuboidal and columnar

65
Q

simple

A

has one layer of epithelia

66
Q

stratified

A

has two or more layers of epithelia

67
Q

pseudostratified

A

multiple layers of epithelia

68
Q

specialised cells

A

goblet cells

69
Q

what are glands

A

where product is secreted

70
Q

exocrine glands

A

product secreted toward apical end of the cell either into the lumen of an internal space, into a duct, or onto the body surface

71
Q

endocrine glands

A

product secreted toward the basal end of the cell (end sitting on basal lamina), then distributed by the vascular system throughout the body. Termed ‘ductless’ glands

Principles (17 decks)

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