Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Principles > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Variology

A

exposure of an individual to the contents of dried smallpox pustules from an infected patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

major job of immune system

A

to identify and eliminate microorganisms and other harmful substances as well as abnormal cancer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Under deficient immune system leads to

A

recurrent infections and cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Over efficient immune system may cause

A

allergies or auto immune diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does the immune system identify and eliminate microorganisms

A

By distinguishing ‘self’ molecules from ‘non-self’ molecules or by identifying ‘danger’ signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Example of danger signal

A

acute Inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Physiological Immune Deficiency

A

Extremes of life: ageing or prematurity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Infections causing secondary immune deficiency

A

HIV, measles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Treatment interventions causing a secondary immune deficiency

A

immunosuppressive drugs, anti-cancer agents, corticosteroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Biochemical and nutritional disorders causing a secondary immune deficiency

A

Malnutrition, renal dialysis/ insufficiency, diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Malignancy causing a secondary immune deficiency

A

cancer of immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

examples of how the immune system may be manipulated

A

immunisation, antiinflammatory and immunosuppressant drugs, cancer immunotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Physical barriers to infection in innate immune system

A

skin, mucous, commensal bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why is skin a good physical barrier?

A

physically (tightly packed cells), physiologically (low pH 5.5) and sebaceous glands (secretes hydrophobic oils, lysosomes and defensins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do Commensal Bacteria do?

A

anti microbial short chain fatty acids which kill pathogens, compete for essential nutrients, reduce pH go the bowel, synthesis of vitamin K, B12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why is mucous a good barrier?

A

it’s found in respect, urogenital, gastrointestinal and secret IgA, enzymes such as defensins, antimicrobial peptides which directly kill pathogens and also the Celia cells remove pathogens trapped in mucous through a cough or sneeze

17
Q

How fast is the innate response

A

rapid (0-96hours)

18
Q

How long has the innate response been present

A

since birth

19
Q

How does the innate response affect immunological memory

A

there’s no immunological memory

20
Q

Is the innate response specific or non-specific

A

non-specific

21
Q

How does the innate response distinguish what cells are ‘dangerous’

A

it can recognise self and non-self antigens and will only react against non-self

22
Q

what cells are involved in the innate response?

A

Mast cells, NK cells, Phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells) and complement

23
Q

What do innate cells express?

A

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

24
Q

What do pathogens express?

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

25
Q

opsonisation

A

coating of pathogens by soluble factors (opsonins) to enhance phagocytosis

26
Q

examples of opsonins

A

C3b, IgG/IgM, C-reactive protein (CRP)

27
Q

What happens ig pathogens are to big to be engulfed

A

Mast cells step in

28
Q

What do mast cells do

A

The PRRs on the Mast recognise the PAMPs on the pathogen causing it to degranulate, releasing histamine and cytokines

29
Q

What role do macrophages play in the innate immune response?

A

The macrophages express PRRs on the surface of the cell which recognise the PAMPs on the surface of the pathogens, when bound this triggers macrophages to undergo phagocytosis, creating MHC class II, releasing debris and releasing pro inflammatory mediators (TNF-alpha)

30
Q

What are primary lymphoid tissues

A

anatomical sites where the white blood cells (leukocytes) are produces

31
Q

examples of primary lymphoid tissues

A

bone marrow- B cells

thymus- T cells

32
Q

examples of secondary lymphoid tissues

A

spleen and lymph nodes

33
Q

How long does it take to trigger the innate immune response after infection

A

minutes

34
Q

How long does the innate immune response last

A

days

Principles (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions