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Principles > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What concepts does pathology include

A

study of the mechanisms of disease, application of laboratory methods to investigate and diagnose disease in individual patients

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2
Q

What gene is often found in women with breast cancer

A

HER2

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3
Q

What does HER2 do?

A

it encodes for a protein that promotes growth of cells

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4
Q

outcome

A

a statement of patient health or illness at a defined time

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5
Q

necrosis

A

premature death of cells and living tissue

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6
Q

what’s necrosis caused by

A

external factors such as infection, toxins or trauma

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7
Q

ischemia

A

diminished blood supply

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8
Q

when is necrosis no longer reversible

A

when the tissue is infarcted

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9
Q

Apoptosis

A

Prograammed cell death, requiring energy

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10
Q

Resolution

A

complete restoration of the tissue to normal after an episode of acute inflammation

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11
Q

Factors favouring resolution

A

minimal cell death/tissue damage, occurrence in organ/tissue with regenerative capacity, rapid destruction of causal agent, rapid removal of fluid/ debris by good local vascular drainage.

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12
Q

What’s healing by regeneration

A

is restitution with no, or minimal residual defect (no defect seen by naked eye)- replacing the cells that were originally lost

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13
Q

What’s healing by repair

A

healing wehre tissue is lost (fibrosis occurs and scar tissue is formed)

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14
Q

Suppuration

A

formation of pus

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15
Q

what is pus made up of?

A

living cells, dying cells, dead neutrophils, cellular debris and bacteria

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16
Q

What forms an abscess

A

accumulation of pus within a tissue

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17
Q

What’s organisation of tissues

A

is their replacement by granulation tissue

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18
Q

What factors favour organisation

A

large amounts of fibrin formed, substantial necrosis and exudate and when debris can’t be removed or discharged

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19
Q

when does resolution occur

A

when there’s minimal tissue damage, the damage is neutralised and there’s regrowth of cells

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20
Q

When does healing by repair occur

A

when the damage is neutralised but some tissue is damaged and so organisation occurs

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21
Q

when does chronic inflammation occur

A

when there’s a persistent damaging agent with tissue destruction and so organisation with continued inflammation

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22
Q

what is completely destroyed tissue replaced by

A

vascular granulation tissue

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23
Q

angiogenesis

A

new blood vessels

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24
Q

collagen synthesis

A

formation of scars

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25
Q

what are the predominant features in repairs?

A

angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis

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26
Q

what’s the causative agent for acute inflammation?

A

bacterial pathogens, injured tissue

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27
Q

what’s the causative agent for chronic inflammation

A

persistent acute inflammation due to non-degradable pathogens, viral infection , persistent foreign bodies, or autoimmune reactions

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28
Q

what’s the onset for acute inflammation

A

immediate

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29
Q

what’s the onset for chronic inflammation

A

delayed

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30
Q

how long does acute inflammation last

A

few days

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31
Q

how long does chronic inflammation last

A

up to many months, or years

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32
Q

what’s the outcome of acute inflammation

A

resolution, access formation, chronic inflammation

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33
Q

what’s the outcome of chronic inflammation

A

tissue destruction, fibrosis and necrosis

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34
Q

What’s happens during acute inflammation in response to injury?

A

vascular changes, cellular changes, chemical mediators and morphologic patterns

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35
Q

When is organisation favoured

A

if there’s lots of necrosis, poor blood supply as it’s difficult to remove debris and it depends on the tissue type, as some such as liver can regenerate

36
Q

What is a space that is filled with pus and walled off called?

A

empyema

37
Q

When is healing by organisation and repair favoured instead of resolution?

A

When damage goes beyond the basement membrane

38
Q

Why when damage goes beyond the basement membrane does resolution occur?

A

because organisation and repair need the basement membrane as scaffolding

39
Q

What issues does scarring cause?

A

loss of function

40
Q

cirrhosis

A

scarring and fibrosis in liver

41
Q

What can occur from scarring in the liver?

A

can result in liver failure as cannot move and make the proteins it needs

42
Q

job of liver

A

makes and breaks things

43
Q

what does scarring look like under a microscope?

A

knobbly and denser pink strips and

44
Q

chronic inflammations link with time and severity

A

no link

45
Q

when is chronic inflammation favoured

A

when there’s suppuration, persistence of injury, infectious agents especially viruses and the type of injury (autoimmune)

46
Q

first cell reacting to immune response

A

neutrophils

47
Q

what’s stronger than neutrophils

A

macrophages

48
Q

What do granulomas found in the body suggest

A

foreign bodies and infections

49
Q

What does tuberculous granulomas do?

A

produce caseous necrosis (looks like cottage cheese)

50
Q

Resolution

A

cell is as good as new

51
Q

another word for organisation

A

scarring or fibrosis

52
Q

infarction

A

death of tissue after loss of oxygen

53
Q

What occurs during hypoxia

A

there’s no oxygen so ATP produced

54
Q

Consequences of no ATP being produced in the cell

A

the Na/K ATPase fails which increases K, causing swelling. The calcium pump fails, increasing intracellular calcium. The increased calcium stimulates phospholipase activity (membrane damage), increase protease activity (membrane and cytoskeleton damage), , increases endonuclease (DNA damage and breakdown) and also increases mitochondrial permeability (releasing pro death factors)

55
Q

how long is the damage reversible in the myocardium?

A

20 minutes

56
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A

such sudden cell death that some structure pf the cell is still left as a ‘ghost line’ before complete phagocytosis of materials

57
Q

How long for fibroblasts to finish laying down collagen?

A

6 weeks

58
Q

how do cells cope with stress?

A

hypertrophy and hyperplasia

59
Q

What occurs if cell stress is too severe?

A

Necrosis or Apotosis

60
Q

does necrosis require energy

A

no

61
Q

can necrosis be normal/ physiological ?

A

no

62
Q

coagulative necrosis

A

there’s a preservation of cell outline, usually happens if death is really quick

63
Q

what tissue does coagulative necrosis most often occur in

A

cardiac muscle

64
Q

liquefactive necrosis

A

liquid viscous mass and there’s no cell structure remaining

65
Q

where does liquefaction necrosis usually occur

A

the brain

66
Q

caseous necrosis

A

cheesy necrosis

67
Q

what is caseous necrosis associated with

A

tuberculosis

68
Q

does apoptosis require ATP

A

yes

69
Q

can apoptosis be physiological

A

yes, occurs during cell cycle and during ovulation

70
Q

When does pathological apoptosis occur

A

in response to injury, radiation, chemotherapy, viral infection, cancers, graft versus host disease

71
Q

The mechanisms in apoptosis

A

extrinsic and intrinsic pathways

72
Q

extrinsic pathway

A

cell being told to die from outside

73
Q

intrinsic pathway

A

cell itself sensing it needs to die off

74
Q

explain extrinsic pathway

A

Fas ligand is present on T cells, it binds to FAS (receptor) which leads to a cascade cascade which eventually leads to apoptosis

75
Q

what happens if there’s a Fas mutation

A

autoimmune disease

76
Q

Explain intrinsic/mitochondrial pathway

A

growth signals normally promote anti-aptotic molecules in the mitochondrial membrane. When they’re removed they’re replaced by Fax, Back. These increase permeability in the mitochondria which release proteins (cytochrome C) which stimulates a caspase cascade and apoptosis

77
Q

role of p53

A

halts cell cycle if there’s cell damage and the cell cannot be repaired and then it stimulates caspases and induces apoptosis

78
Q

what does too much or too little apoptosis cause

A

too little- cancer, autoimmune disease

too much- neurodegenerative disorders

79
Q

what do cells look like when undergoing apoptosis

A

cell shrinks, chromatin condensation occurs, the cytoplasm breaks up and then macrophages come and eat it all

80
Q

What causes cellular ageing

A

oxidative stress- free radical damage and accumulation of metabolism by products

81
Q

Tumour

A

swelling

82
Q

difference between maligns=ant and benign tumours

A

malignant- harmful, asymetrical

benign- not harmful, smooth, symmetrical

83
Q

neoplasia

A

growth that is not in response to a stimulus

84
Q

is neoplasia malignant?

A

can be benign, premalignant or malignant

85
Q

where can you get neoplasia?

A

anywhere

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