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pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

anti-cholesterol drugs

A
  • statin
  • fibres
  • PCSK 9 inhibitors
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2
Q

example of statin

A

simvastatin

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3
Q

how to statins work

A

block HMG CoA reductase

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4
Q

what are statins used for (4)

A
  • hypercholesterolaemia
  • diabetes
  • angina / MI
  • CVA (stroke) / TIA (transent ischaemic attack)
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5
Q

statin side effects (2)

A
  • myopathy (muscle fibres dont work)

- rhabdomyolysis (renal failure)

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6
Q

example of fibrate

A

bezafibrate

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7
Q

what are fibrates used for (2)

A
  • hypertriglycerideamia

- low HDL cholesterol

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8
Q

example of PCSK 9 inhibitor

A
  • alirocumab

- evolocumab

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9
Q

what are PCSK9 inhibitor used for (1)

A

familial hypercholesterolaemia

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10
Q

how does PCSK 9 inhibitor work

A

inhibits the binding go PCSK 9 to LDLR therefore increasing LDLR allowing LDL to be cleared
therefore lowers LDL levels

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11
Q

anti-hypertensive drugs (4)

A
  • thiazide diuretics
  • beta blockers
  • vasodilators
  • mineralocorticoids antagonist
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12
Q

what are the 4 vasodilators

A
  • calcium antagonist
  • alpha blocker s
  • ACE inhibits
  • angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB)
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13
Q

how do diuretics works

A

block Na reabsorption in the kidneys

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14
Q

what are the 2 types of diuretics

A
  • thiazide

- loop

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15
Q

example of thiazide diuretics

A

bendofluazide

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16
Q

what is thiazide diuretic used in (1)

A

hypertension

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17
Q

what is an example of loop diuretic

A

furosemide

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18
Q

what is loop diuretic used in

A

heart failure

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19
Q

what are the 5 side effects of diuretics

A
  • hypokalaemia (tired)
  • arrhythmias
  • hyperglycaemia
  • increased uric acid (gout)
  • impotence
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20
Q

how to beta blockers work

A

block B1 and B2 adrenoreceptors

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21
Q

what are the 2 types of beta blocker

A

selective and non selective

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22
Q

example of selective beta blockers

A
  • atenolol

- bisoprpolol

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23
Q

what are the 5 things selective B1 blockers are used for

A
  • angina
  • acute coronary syndrome
  • MI
  • hypertension
  • heart failure
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24
Q

example of non selective beta blocker

A

propranolol

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25
Q

what are the 2 things non selective beta blockers are used for

A
  • thyrotoxicosis

- migraine

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26
Q

what are the 4 side effects of beta blockers

A
  • contraindicate asthma
  • tiredness
  • heart failure
  • cold peripheries
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27
Q

what are the 2 types of calcium antagonists

A
  • dihydropiridines

- rate limiting

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28
Q

dihydropiridine example

A

amlodipine

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29
Q

what is dihydropiridine used for (2)

A
  • hypertension

- angina

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30
Q

side effects of amlodpipine

A

ankle swelling

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31
Q

example of rate limiting calcium antagonist

A

verapamil

diltiazem

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32
Q

what is verapamil used for (3)

A
  • hypertension
  • angina
  • SVT
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33
Q

what do you not use rate limiting calcium antagonist with

A

beta blockers

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34
Q

how do ACE inhibitors works

A

block angiotensin I becoming angiotensin II

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35
Q

what is an example of an ACE i

A

lisinopril

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36
Q

what 3 things are ACE i used for

A
  • hypertension
  • heart failure
  • good for kidneys in diabetic neuropathy
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37
Q

3 side effects of ACE i

A
  • dry cough
  • renal dysfunction
  • angioneurotic oedema
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38
Q

angiotensin receptor blockers how do they work

A

block angiotensin II receptors

39
Q

example of ARB

A

losartan

40
Q

what 3 things are ARBs used for

A
  • hypertension
  • heart failure
  • good for kidneys in diabetic nephropathy
41
Q

what is the side effect of ARB

A

renal dysfunction

42
Q

how do alpha blockers work

A

block alpha adrenoreceptors to cause vasodilatation

43
Q

example of Alpha blocker

A

doxasozin

44
Q

what are the 2 things alpha blockers are used for

A
  • hypertension

- prostatic hypertrophy

45
Q

what is the side effect of alpha blocker

A

postural hypertension

46
Q

how do mineralocorticoids work

A

block aldosterone receptors

47
Q

example of mineralocorticoid

A

spironolactone

48
Q

what are 2 things mineralocorticoids used for

A
  • heart failure

- resistance hypertension

49
Q

what are the 3 side effects of mineralocorticoids

A
  • gynaecomastia (enlargement of breasts)
  • hyperkalaemia
  • renal impairment
50
Q

what are the 3 subtype groups used for anti anginal drugs

A
  • vasodilators
  • slow heart rate
  • metabolic modulators - ran-laziness
51
Q

what are the vasodilators used for angina

A
  • nitrates
  • nicorandil
  • calcium antagonist (dihydropiridines)
52
Q

what are the drugs used to slow heart rate in angina

A
  • beta blockers
  • calcium antagonist (rate limiting)
  • ivabradine
53
Q

example of nitrate

A

isosorbide mononitrate

54
Q

how to nitrate work

A

vasodilators

55
Q

what are nitrates used for (2)

A
  • angina

- acute heart failure

56
Q

side effects of nitrates (2)

A
  • headaches

- hypotension / collapse

57
Q

how does nicorandil work

A

K ATP channel activator

58
Q

2 side effects of nicorandil

A
  • headache

- mouth ulcers

59
Q

how does ivabradine work

A

If (funny current) modulator in sinus node

60
Q

what is side effect of ivabradine

A

altered visual disturbance

61
Q

how does ranolazine work

A

late sodium channel modulator

62
Q

3 types of anti thrombotic drugs

A
  • anti platelet
  • anti coagulant
  • fibrinolytic
63
Q

examples of anti platelet

A
  • aspirin
  • clopidogrel
  • tricagrelor
  • pasugrel
64
Q

how do anti platelets work

A

prevent new thrombosis

65
Q

what are anti platelet used in (3)

A
  • angina
  • acute MI
  • stroke
66
Q

what are the side effects of anti platelet (3)

A
  • haemorrhage
  • peptic ulcer
  • aspirin sensitivity
67
Q

what are the examples of anti coagulant

A
  • heparin
  • fondaparinux
  • warfarin
  • rivaroxaban
  • edoxaban
68
Q

how does warfarin work

A

block clotting factors 2,7,9,10

69
Q

what is warfarin used for

A
  • DVT
  • PE
  • NSTEMI
  • AF
70
Q

what is side effect of warfarin

A

haemorrhage

71
Q

how can warfarin be reversed

A

vitamin K

72
Q

what does rivaroxaban inhibit

A

factor Xa

73
Q

example of fibrinolytic

A

streptokinase

74
Q

how does fibrinolytic work

A

dissolves formed clots

75
Q

what is fibrinolytic used for

A
  • STEMI
  • PE
  • stroke
76
Q

what are side effect of fibrinolytic

A

haemorrhage

77
Q

anti arrhythmic drugs (4)

A
  • beta blockers
  • digoxin
  • rate limting calcium antagonist
  • chemical cardiovert with amiodarone
78
Q

heart failure drugs (7)

A
  • ACE inhibitors
  • ARBs
  • beta blockers
  • mineralocorticoid
  • neprilysin inhibitor
  • diuretics
  • digoxin
79
Q

side effects of digoxin

A
  • nausea
  • yellow vision
  • bradycardia
  • ventricular arrhythmias
80
Q

why does ACE inhibitor cause dry cough

A

build up of bradykinin

81
Q

what do nitrates do

A

donate NO

82
Q

what must be done when taking GTN

A

have at least 8 hour nitrate free per day

83
Q

what is the aim of INR monitoring

A

2-3

84
Q

what can interact with CYP450

A

grapefruit juice

85
Q

what phase do Na channels block

A

phase 0

86
Q

what phase do beta blockers block

A

phase 4

87
Q

what does adenosine do

A

induce transient heart block in AV node

88
Q

what does adenosine act on

A

alpha 1 receptor

89
Q

what does blockage of alpha 1 receptor

A

inhibit adenyl cyclase which reduces cAMP

90
Q

what can adenosine be used to identify

A

rhythms e.g. atrial flutter

91
Q

what does digoxin do

A

block AV node condition

92
Q

what does digoxin stimulate

A

vagal activity

93
Q

what is digoxin good in

A

AF

94
Q

what diseases is digoxin contraindicated in

A
  • constrictive pericarditis
  • hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  • heart block
  • SVT
  • VT
  • Vfib

cardiovascular (36 decks)

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