pharmacology Flashcards
1
Q
anti-cholesterol drugs
A
- statin
- fibres
- PCSK 9 inhibitors
2
Q
example of statin
A
simvastatin
3
Q
how to statins work
A
block HMG CoA reductase
4
Q
what are statins used for (4)
A
- hypercholesterolaemia
- diabetes
- angina / MI
- CVA (stroke) / TIA (transent ischaemic attack)
5
Q
statin side effects (2)
A
- myopathy (muscle fibres dont work)
- rhabdomyolysis (renal failure)
6
Q
example of fibrate
A
bezafibrate
7
Q
what are fibrates used for (2)
A
- hypertriglycerideamia
- low HDL cholesterol
8
Q
example of PCSK 9 inhibitor
A
- alirocumab
- evolocumab
9
Q
what are PCSK9 inhibitor used for (1)
A
familial hypercholesterolaemia
10
Q
how does PCSK 9 inhibitor work
A
inhibits the binding go PCSK 9 to LDLR therefore increasing LDLR allowing LDL to be cleared
therefore lowers LDL levels
11
Q
anti-hypertensive drugs (4)
A
- thiazide diuretics
- beta blockers
- vasodilators
- mineralocorticoids antagonist
12
Q
what are the 4 vasodilators
A
- calcium antagonist
- alpha blocker s
- ACE inhibits
- angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB)
13
Q
how do diuretics works
A
block Na reabsorption in the kidneys
14
Q
what are the 2 types of diuretics
A
- thiazide
- loop
15
Q
example of thiazide diuretics
A
bendofluazide
16
Q
what is thiazide diuretic used in (1)
A
hypertension
17
Q
what is an example of loop diuretic
A
furosemide
18
Q
what is loop diuretic used in
A
heart failure
19
Q
what are the 5 side effects of diuretics
A
- hypokalaemia (tired)
- arrhythmias
- hyperglycaemia
- increased uric acid (gout)
- impotence
20
Q
how to beta blockers work
A
block B1 and B2 adrenoreceptors
21
Q
what are the 2 types of beta blocker
A
selective and non selective
22
Q
example of selective beta blockers
A
- atenolol
- bisoprpolol
23
Q
what are the 5 things selective B1 blockers are used for
A
- angina
- acute coronary syndrome
- MI
- hypertension
- heart failure
24
Q
example of non selective beta blocker
A
propranolol
25
what are the 2 things non selective beta blockers are used for
- thyrotoxicosis
| - migraine
26
what are the 4 side effects of beta blockers
- contraindicate asthma
- tiredness
- heart failure
- cold peripheries
27
what are the 2 types of calcium antagonists
- dihydropiridines
| - rate limiting
28
dihydropiridine example
amlodipine
29
what is dihydropiridine used for (2)
- hypertension
| - angina
30
side effects of amlodpipine
ankle swelling
31
example of rate limiting calcium antagonist
verapamil
| diltiazem
32
what is verapamil used for (3)
- hypertension
- angina
- SVT
33
what do you not use rate limiting calcium antagonist with
beta blockers
34
how do ACE inhibitors works
block angiotensin I becoming angiotensin II
35
what is an example of an ACE i
lisinopril
36
what 3 things are ACE i used for
- hypertension
- heart failure
- good for kidneys in diabetic neuropathy
37
3 side effects of ACE i
- dry cough
- renal dysfunction
- angioneurotic oedema
38
angiotensin receptor blockers how do they work
block angiotensin II receptors
39
example of ARB
losartan
40
what 3 things are ARBs used for
- hypertension
- heart failure
- good for kidneys in diabetic nephropathy
41
what is the side effect of ARB
renal dysfunction
42
how do alpha blockers work
block alpha adrenoreceptors to cause vasodilatation
43
example of Alpha blocker
doxasozin
44
what are the 2 things alpha blockers are used for
- hypertension
| - prostatic hypertrophy
45
what is the side effect of alpha blocker
postural hypertension
46
how do mineralocorticoids work
block aldosterone receptors
47
example of mineralocorticoid
spironolactone
48
what are 2 things mineralocorticoids used for
- heart failure
| - resistance hypertension
49
what are the 3 side effects of mineralocorticoids
- gynaecomastia (enlargement of breasts)
- hyperkalaemia
- renal impairment
50
what are the 3 subtype groups used for anti anginal drugs
- vasodilators
- slow heart rate
- metabolic modulators - ran-laziness
51
what are the vasodilators used for angina
- nitrates
- nicorandil
- calcium antagonist (dihydropiridines)
52
what are the drugs used to slow heart rate in angina
- beta blockers
- calcium antagonist (rate limiting)
- ivabradine
53
example of nitrate
isosorbide mononitrate
54
how to nitrate work
vasodilators
55
what are nitrates used for (2)
- angina
| - acute heart failure
56
side effects of nitrates (2)
- headaches
| - hypotension / collapse
57
how does nicorandil work
K ATP channel activator
58
2 side effects of nicorandil
- headache
| - mouth ulcers
59
how does ivabradine work
If (funny current) modulator in sinus node
60
what is side effect of ivabradine
altered visual disturbance
61
how does ranolazine work
late sodium channel modulator
62
3 types of anti thrombotic drugs
- anti platelet
- anti coagulant
- fibrinolytic
63
examples of anti platelet
- aspirin
- clopidogrel
- tricagrelor
- pasugrel
64
how do anti platelets work
prevent new thrombosis
65
what are anti platelet used in (3)
- angina
- acute MI
- stroke
66
what are the side effects of anti platelet (3)
- haemorrhage
- peptic ulcer
- aspirin sensitivity
67
what are the examples of anti coagulant
- heparin
- fondaparinux
- warfarin
- rivaroxaban
- edoxaban
68
how does warfarin work
block clotting factors 2,7,9,10
69
what is warfarin used for
- DVT
- PE
- NSTEMI
- AF
70
what is side effect of warfarin
haemorrhage
71
how can warfarin be reversed
vitamin K
72
what does rivaroxaban inhibit
factor Xa
73
example of fibrinolytic
streptokinase
74
how does fibrinolytic work
dissolves formed clots
75
what is fibrinolytic used for
- STEMI
- PE
- stroke
76
what are side effect of fibrinolytic
haemorrhage
77
anti arrhythmic drugs (4)
- beta blockers
- digoxin
- rate limting calcium antagonist
- chemical cardiovert with amiodarone
78
heart failure drugs (7)
- ACE inhibitors
- ARBs
- beta blockers
- mineralocorticoid
- neprilysin inhibitor
- diuretics
- digoxin
79
side effects of digoxin
- nausea
- yellow vision
- bradycardia
- ventricular arrhythmias
80
why does ACE inhibitor cause dry cough
build up of bradykinin
81
what do nitrates do
donate NO
82
what must be done when taking GTN
have at least 8 hour nitrate free per day
83
what is the aim of INR monitoring
2-3
84
what can interact with CYP450
grapefruit juice
85
what phase do Na channels block
phase 0
86
what phase do beta blockers block
phase 4
87
what does adenosine do
induce transient heart block in AV node
88
what does adenosine act on
alpha 1 receptor
89
what does blockage of alpha 1 receptor
inhibit adenyl cyclase which reduces cAMP
90
what can adenosine be used to identify
rhythms e.g. atrial flutter
91
what does digoxin do
block AV node condition
92
what does digoxin stimulate
vagal activity
93
what is digoxin good in
AF
94
what diseases is digoxin contraindicated in
- constrictive pericarditis
- hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- heart block
- SVT
- VT
- Vfib
