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First Aid Neurology > Pharmacology 2 > Flashcards

Pharmacology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Directly proportional to the potency of inhalation anesthetics

A

Lipid solubility

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2
Q

Inversely proportional to the potency of inhalation anesthetics

A

Minimal alveolar concentration (MAC)

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3
Q

Inversely proportional to the rate of induction and recovery of inhalation anesthetics

A

Blood:gas partition coefficient

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4
Q

Mechanism of action of inhalation anesthetics

A

Potentiation of GABA at GABAA receptors; also reduce Na and Ca influx

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5
Q

Currently the only non-halogenated inhalation anesthetic

A

Nitrous oxide

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6
Q

Inhalation anesthetic with the most analgesic activity

A

Nitrous oxide

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7
Q

Inhalation anesthetic with the least respiratory and cardiovascular depression and therefore is used frequently as a component of balanced anesthesia

A

Nitrous oxide

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8
Q

Inhalation anesthetic that can cause fatal hepatotoxicity and cardiac arrhythmia and is no longer used in the US

A

Halothane

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9
Q

Inhalation anesthetic that is withdrawn from the market due to fatal nephrotoxicity

A

Methoxyflurane

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10
Q

Inhalation anesthetic that at high concentrations can produce CNS excitation, leading to seizures

A

Enflurane

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11
Q

Rare, but fatal side effect associated with combination of halogenated inhalation anesthetic and depolarizing blocker

A

Malignant Hyperthermia

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12
Q

Close to ideal inhalation anesthetic that exhibits rapid and smooth induction and recovery, with little organ system toxicity

A

Sevoflurane

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13
Q

Barbiturate used for the induction of anesthesia

A

Thiopental

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14
Q

A short-acting benzodiazepine commonly used adjunctively with inhalation anesthetics and opioid analgesics for a balanced anesthesia

A

Midazolam

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15
Q

Opioid safe for use of analgesia and anesthesia during cardiac surgery

A

Fentanyl

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16
Q

Produces both rapid anesthesia and recovery, has antiemetic activity, but may cause marked hypotension

A

Propofol

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17
Q

Produces dissociative anesthesia but has significant analgesic activity

A

Ketamine

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18
Q

Mechanism of action of the intravenous anesthetic that causes dissociative anesthesia

A

Block NMDA receptor

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19
Q

Side effects of dissociative anesthetic

A

Cardiovascular stimulation, increased cerebral blood flow, vivid dreams, hallucinations

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20
Q

Neuroleptanesthesia can be produced by a combination of these two agents

A

Fentanyl and droperidol

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21
Q

Mechanism of action of local anesthetics

A

Block voltage-gated sodium channels

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22
Q

This condition may necessitate larger doses of local anesthetics because the drugs become ionized and cannot penetrate the neuronal membranes

A

Low pH

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23
Q

Almost all local anesthetics have this property and sometimes require the administration of vasoconstrictors to prolong activity

A

Vasodilation

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24
Q

The only local anesthetic with vasoconstrictive property, but due to abuse potential, only occasionally used for nasal surgery

A

Cocaine

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25
Q

This type of local anesthetic is more likely to cause hypersensitivy reactions

A

Ester-type (local anesthetic with one “I” in name)

26
Q

Local anesthetic most widely used for obstetric anesthesia but causes the most cardiac depression

A

Bupivacaine

27
Q

Side effect of most local anesthetics

A

CNS excitation

28
Q

Common side effect of antipsychotics, MPTP (contaminant in illicit meperidine analog), and cholinergic excess

A

Drug-induced Parkinsonism

29
Q

Precursor of dopamine that can cross the blood-brain-barrier and used to alleviate motor dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease

A

Levodopa (L-dopa)

30
Q

Inhibits peripheral DOPA decarboxylase, reduces peripheral side effects of dopamine precursor and enhances its delivery to the brain

A

Carbidopa

31
Q

Two fluctuations in clinical response associated with long-term use of dopamine precursor

A

“Wearing off” and “on-off-phenomenon”

32
Q

Inhibits monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B), used as monotherapy for early or mild Parkinson’s disease or adjunct to improve motor function in patients with fluctuations in clinical response

A

Selegiline

33
Q

Inhibits of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), used as adjunct to improve motor function in Parkinson’s patients with fluctuations in clinical response

A

Entacapone, tolcapone

34
Q

Ergot type 2 dopamine receptor (D2) agonist, used as adjunct to improve motor function in Parkinson’s patients with fluctuations in clinical response

A

Bromocriptine

35
Q

Non ergot type 2 dopamine receptors (D2) agonist, used for Parkinson’s and restless legs syndrome

A

Pramipexole and ropinirole

36
Q

An antiviral that enhances dopamine release from nigrostriatal neurons

A

Amantadine

37
Q

Two centrally-acting anticholinergics useful for tremor and rigidity but have little effect on bradykinesia in patients with Parkinson’s

A

Benztropine, Trihexylphenidyl

38
Q

Drug of choice indicated for familial or essential tremors

A

Propranolol

39
Q

Two drugs that inhibit vesicle monoamine transporter used for Huntington’s

A

Tetrabenazine, reserpine

40
Q

An antipsychotic with dopamine receptor antagonist activity used for Huntington’s

A

Haloperidol

41
Q

Three centrally-acting cholinesterase inhibitors used for Alzheimer’s

A

Donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine

42
Q

Noncompetitive antagonist of NMDA receptors used for Alzheimer’s

A

Memantine

43
Q

Three main classes of CNS depressant drugs of abuse

A

Alcohol, opioid, barbiturate/benzodiazepine

44
Q

Agent that is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase or microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS) to acetaldehyde; displays zero-order kinetics of elimination

A

Ethanol

45
Q

Enzyme that is induced through chronic exposure to alcohol, may contribute to tolerance

A

Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)

46
Q

Complications of the gastrointestinal system associated with chronic alcohol use

A

Mallory-Weiss syndrome, hepatitis, cirrhosis, pancreatitis

47
Q

Neurological abnormality caused by chronic alcohol use and thiamine deficiency

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

48
Q

The most common neurologic abnormality in chronic alcoholics

A

Neurologic deficits (Peripheral neuropathy)

49
Q

Life-threatening alcohol withdrawal syndrome that peaks at 5 days after the last drink

A

Delirium tremens

50
Q

Inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase and used as deterrent for alcohol use

A

Disulfiram

51
Q

Opioid receptor antagonist used to prevent alcohol abuse

A

naltrexone

52
Q

Competes for alcohol dehydrogenase and is used in methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning

A

Fomepizole, Ethanol

53
Q

Most commonly abused opioids

A

Heroin, morphine, oxycodone

54
Q

Respiratory and CNS depression, pinpoint pupils, seizures, and needle track marks are symptoms of this intoxication

A

Opioid

55
Q

Opioid receptor antagonist that is used to treat opioid intoxication, may cause more rapid and intense symptoms of withdrawal

A

Naloxone

56
Q

Sweating, dilated pupils, piloerection, and flu-like symptoms are symptoms of withdrawal from this class of drugs

A

Opioid

57
Q

Opioids used for long-term maintenance from opioid withdrawal

A

Methadone, Buprenorphine

58
Q

Most widely abused sedative hypnotics

A

Short-acting barbiturates (pentobarbital)

59
Q

Two date rape drugs that work through enhancement of GABA receptors in the brain

A

Flunitrazepam, GHB (γ-hydroxybutyrate)

60
Q

Benzodiazepine antagonist used to treat benzodiazepine intoxication

A

Flumazenil

First Aid Neurology (16 decks)

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