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First Aid Neurology > Pharmacology 1 > Flashcards

Pharmacology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Do not use in closed-angled glaucoma

A

Epinephrine

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2
Q

Alpha-2 agonist, decreases aquemous humor synthesis

A

Brimonidine

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3
Q

Decreases aqueous humor synthesis via vasoconstriction

A

Epinephrine

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4
Q

Beta-blockers that decrease aqueous humor synthesis

A

Timolol, Betaxolol, Carteolol

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5
Q

S/E of Brimonidine

A

blurry vision, ocular hyperemia, foreign body sensation, Ax rxn, ocular pruritis

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6
Q

Diuretic that decreases aqueous humor synthesis via inhibition of carbonic anhydrase

A

Acetazolamide

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7
Q

S/E of Cholinomimetics on glaucoma

A

miosis and cyclospasm (contraction of ciliary muscle)

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8
Q

Darkens color of iris (browning)

A

Latanoprost (PGF2alpha), increases outflow of aqueous humor

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9
Q

Opioid Analgesics

A

Morphine, Fentanyl, Codeine, Loperamide, Methadone, Meperidine, Dextromethorphan, Diphenoxylate

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10
Q

Open K+ channels, close Ca2+ channels to decrease synaptic transmission and inhibit the release of ACh, NE, 5-HT, glutamate and substance P

A

Opioids

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11
Q

Morphine receptor

A

mu

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12
Q

Enkephalin receptor

A

Delta

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13
Q

Dynorphin receptor

A

Kappa

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14
Q

Cough Suppression

A

Dextromethorphan

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15
Q

Opioid to tx Diarrhea

A

Loperamide and diphenoxylate

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16
Q

Opioid receptor antagonist

A

Naloxone or Naltrexone

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17
Q

Mu-opiod receptor partial agonist and kappa-opioid receptor agonist; produces analgesia

A

Butorphanol

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18
Q

Very weak opioid agonist; also inhibits serotonin and NE reuptake

A

Tramadol

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19
Q

Toxicity of Tramadol

A

decreases seizure threshold

serotonin syndrome

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20
Q

Blocks thalamic T-type Calcium channels

A

Ethosuximide

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21
Q

Used for absence seizures

A

Ethosuximide (sucks to have silent seizures)

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22
Q

1st line (DOC) for acute status epilepticus

A

Benzodiazepines (diazepam and lorazepam)

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23
Q

1st line for eclampsia seizures

A

MgSO4

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24
Q

Lamotrigine S/E

A

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, so must titrate slowly

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25
Q

1st line prophylaxis for status epilepticus

A

Phenytoin

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26
Q

First line for simple, complex and tonic-clonic seizures

A

Carbamazepine

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27
Q

1st line for trigeminal neuralgia

A

Carbamazepine

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28
Q

Used for peripheral neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, migraine prophylaxis, bipolar disorder

A

Gabapentin

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29
Q

Two direct-acting cholinomimetics that increase aqueous outflow through ciliary muscle

A

Pilocarpine, carbachol

30
Q

Two indirect-acting cholinomimetics that increase aqueous outflow through ciliary muscle contraction and opening of trabecular meshwork

A

Physostigmine, echothiophate

31
Q

Nonselective alpha agonist that decreases aqueous production

A

Epinephrine

32
Q

Common side effect of sedative hypnotics

A

CNS depression

33
Q

Occurs when sedative hypnotics are used long-term

A

Tolerance and physical dependence

34
Q

Mechanism of action of benzodiazepines

A

Increase frequency of GABA-mediated chloride ion channel (GABAA) opening

35
Q

Main route of metabolism for benzodiazepines

36
Q

Useful side effect of benzodiazepines in patients undergoing stressful procedures or surgery

A

Anterograde amnesia

37
Q

Three benzodiazepines that are metabolized only by Phase II conjugation and therefore is useful in elderly patients

A

Lorazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam

38
Q

Two benzodiazepines that have active metabolites with long half-lives

A

Diazepam, chlordiazepoxide

39
Q

Clinical uses of benzodiazepines

A

Anxiety, insomnia, alcohol detoxification, status epilepticus, spasticity

40
Q

Reason why benzodiazepines are safer than barbiturates

A

Benzodiazepines work only in presence of GABA

41
Q

Mechanism of action of barbiturates

A

Increase duration of GABAA chloride channel opening

42
Q

Most serious side effects of barbiturates

A

Respiratory and cardiovascular depression

43
Q

Barbiturates may precipitate this hematologic condition

44
Q

Barbiturates decrease the effectiveness of many other drugs via this pharmacokinetic property

A

Induce CYP450

45
Q

Effect of benzodiazepines and barbiturates on sleep architecture

A

Suppress REM

46
Q

Three nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics that lack suppressive effect on REM and are preferred over benzodiazepines for the treatment of insomnia

A

Zolpidem, zaleplon, eszopiclone

47
Q

Mechanism of action of zolpidem

A

Activates BZ1 subtype of GABAA receptor

48
Q

Antiepileptic drug that can induce CYP450, is teratogenic, and can cause diplopia, ataxia, and blood dyscrasias; follows first order kinetics of elimination

A

Carbamazepine

49
Q

Drugs of choice for generalized tonic-clonic seizures

A

Carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproic acid

50
Q

Mechanism of action of Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine

A

Blocks sodium channels

51
Q

Antiepileptic agent that exhibits zero-order kinetics, causes fetal hydantoin syndrome, and induces CYP450

52
Q

Side effects of phenytoin

A

Gingival hyperplasia, nystagmus, diplopia and ataxia

53
Q

Mechanism of action of valproic acid

A

Blocks sodium channels, T-type calcium channels, and increase GABA concentration

54
Q

Drug of choice for myoclonic seizures that may also be used for absence seizures

A

Valproic acid

55
Q

Antiepileptic drug that can cause fatal hepatotoxicity and neural tube defects

A

Valproic acid

56
Q

Antiepileptic drugs that may also be used for bipolar disorder

A

Valproic acid, carbamazepine, gabapentin

57
Q

Side effects of these drugs include nausea and vomiting, euphoria, dependence, tolerance, sedation, respiratory depression, constipation

58
Q

Tolerance to all effects of opioid agonists can develop except

A

Miosis, constipation

59
Q

Strong opioid agonists

A

Morphine, methadone, meperidine, and fentanyl

60
Q

Opioids used in anesthesia

A

Morphine and fentanyl

61
Q

Opioid that can be given PO, IV, IM, and intrathecal to relieve anxiety associated with pulmonary edema

62
Q

Opioid available trans-dermally

63
Q

Opioid with antimuscarinic activity

A

Meperidine

64
Q

Long-acting opioids used in the management of withdrawal states

A

Methadone, Buprenorphine

65
Q

Opioid that can cause hyperpyrexic coma with MAOI and serotonin syndrome with SSRI

A

Meperidine

66
Q

Moderate opioid agonists

A

Codeine, hydrocodone, and oxycodone

67
Q

Partial opioid agonist that has a long duration of action and is resistant to naloxone reversal

A

Buprenorphine

68
Q

Opioid antagonist that is given IV

69
Q

Opioid Antagonist that is given orally

A

Naltrexone

70
Q

DRUGS DRUGS

A

and more DRUGS

First Aid Neurology (16 decks)

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