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TEAC > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

The study of drugs, their sources, their nature, and their properties.

It is the study of how the body reacts to drugs

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2
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

The branch of pharmacology that deals with the effects of drugs and their mechanism of action

How the drug alters you

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3
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

The movement of drugs within the body

How you alter the drug

Into, through, and out of the body

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4
Q

What is a drug?

A
  1. Any chemical you take that affects the way your body works
  2. Must be able to pass from your body into your brain
  3. Once inside the brain they can change the way your brain sends messages to itself and to the rest of your body
  4. They do this by interfering with your brain’s own chemical signals
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5
Q

What is a medicine?

A

A drug with a therapeutic or healing effect

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6
Q

Where do drugs come from?

A

Originally from plants and animals (eg morphine & insulin) but now mostly manufactured in a lab

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7
Q

Legislation & pharmacology

A

Medicines Act 1968
Misuse of Drugs Act 1971
Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001

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8
Q

Medicines Act 1968 basics

A

Regulates licensing, supply & administration
POM can only be given in accordance with directions of approp.prac
Unless instructed there is no scope to alter dose or change form of prescription meds (offence under the Act)

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9
Q

Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 basics

A

Intended to prevent no medical use.
Covers medicines and drugs with no current medicinal use (controlled drugs)
Prohibits unlawful possession

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10
Q

Misuse of Drugs Act classes

A

A - coke, crack, heroin, MDMA, LSD, methadone, crystal meth, magic mushrooms containing ester of psilocin, and any injected class B

B - amphetamine, barbiturates (sedative-hypnotics (ending barbital) - largely replaced by benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepines), codeine, ket, weed

C - Anabolic steroids, minor tranquillisers, khat

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11
Q

Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 basics

A

Defines who is authorised to possess and supply certain drugs
Correct storage
Limits on prescription
Five schedules

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12
Q

MODR schedule headings

A
  1. No therapeutic effect and cannot be lawfully prescribed or possessed.
    2&3. Can be prescribed and therefore lawfully possessed by person with prescription and can be supplied by pharmacists and doctors
  2. Controls most of the benzodiazepines. Can only be lawfully possessed under prescription
  3. Sold over the counter and can be possessed without a script
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13
Q

MODR schedule drugs

A
  1. LSD, MDMA, weed. Home Office licence needed for research
    2&3. Methadone (2) and subutex (used to treat opiod addiction)(3)
  2. Benzos - midazolam, diazepam
  3. Paracetamol, ibuprofen, aspirin
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14
Q

P, POM, GSL

A

Pharmacy
Prescription Only Medicine
General Sales List

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15
Q

The Five Rights

A

Right patient; right medication; right route; right dosage; right time

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16
Q

MHRA (Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency) Guidelines

A

Allows no registrants to administer certain drugs in certain life threatening situations

Drugs Use
Adrenaline 1:1000 up to 1mg for intramuscular use in anaphylaxis Anaphylaxis
Atropine sulphate and obidoxime chloride injection Organophosphate antidote
Atropine sulphate and pralidoxime chloride injection Organophosphate antidote
Atropine sulphate injection Organophosphate poisoning
Atropine sulphate, pralidoxime mesilate and avizafone injection Organophosphate antidote
Chlorphenamine injection Anaphylaxis
Dicobalt edetate injection Cyanide Poisoning
Glucagon injection Diabetes Hypoglycaemia
Glucose injection Diabetes Hypoglycaemia
Hydrocortisone injection Addison’s Disease
Naloxone hydrochloride Opiate poisoning
Pralidoxime chloride injection Organophosphate poisoning
Pralidoxime mesilate injection Organophosphate poisoning
Promethazine hydrochloride injection Anaphylaxis
Snake venom antiserum Pretty obvious, used by zoos
Sodium nitrate injection Cyanide poisoning
Sodium thiosulphate injection Cyanide poisoning
Sterile pralidoxime Organophosphate poisoning

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17
Q

Drug routes and time to effect

A 
IV - 30-60 seconds
IO - 60 seconds
Inhalation - 3 minutes
Sublingual injection - 3 minutes
Sublingual tablet - 3 - 5 minutes
IM - 10 - 20 minutes
Subcut - 15 - 30 minutes
PR - 5 - 30 minutes (unpredictable)
Oral - 30 - 90 minutes
Topical - hours to days (unpredictable)
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18
Q

Important drug interactions

A
  1. CNS suppressants - opiods, antihistamines, alcohol, sleeping tabs
  2. Lower BM - alcohol, sulphonamides
  3. Increase tendency to bleed - oral anticoagulants, aspirin, some antibiotics
  4. Increase BP - decongestants, amphetamines
19
Q

EMT medications (JRCALC)

A 
Aspirin
Adrenaline 1/1000
Chlorphenamine
Hydrocortisone
Glucagon
Glucogel
GTN
Salbutamol
Ipratropium bromide 
Naloxone
Midazolam
20
Q

Aspirin

A

Chest pain of likely cardiac nature
Antiplatelet
300mg
Contraindications - under 16; active bleeding disorder; allergy; severe hepatic disease; haemophilia

21
Q

Adrenaline 1/1000

A

Anaphylaxis
500mcg dose every five minutes
Bronchodilator, vasoconstrictor
Contraindications - none in the emergency setting

22
Q

Chlorphenamine

A

Antihistamine
For allergies/itching and cutaneous allergic reactions falling short of anaphylaxis and to alleviate anaphylactic reactions after emergency intervention has taken place
Blocks histamine
Contra - allergic to it

23
Q

Hydrocortisone

A

Addison’s crisis/adrenal crisis
Suppresses inflammation and immune response
Contra - allergy

24
Q

Glucagon

A

Converts glycogen held in the liver
Contra (caution on JRCALC) - recent use of the drug
Going to hospital

25
Q

Glucogel

A

40% (10 in 25g)
Increases BM
Contra - none

26
Q

GTN

A

Cardiac chest pain & left ventricular failure
Vasodilator
Contra - hypotension (less than 90 or 110); hypovolaemia; head trauma; cerebral haemorrhage; unconscious; viagra within 24 hours

27
Q

Salbutamol

A

Breathless with wheeze
Bronchodilator
Contra - none

28
Q

Ipratropium bromide

A

Breathless with wheeze
Bronchodilator
Contra - none

29
Q

Naloxone

A

Respiratory depression or distress
Opiod antagonism
Contra - none

30
Q

Midazolam

A

Seizure
Muscle relaxant
Contra - none

31
Q

Entonox

A

Uses

Moderate to severe pain
Labour pains

Contraindications

  • severe head injuries with impaired consciousness
  • anyone who has been diving in past 24 hours
  • violently disturbed psychiatric patients
  • intraocular injection of gas (eye surgery) in past 8 weeks
  • abdo pain where intestinal obstruction is suspected
32
Q

ADME

A

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion/Elimination

33
Q

Pharma - pre administration checks

A 
Check correct patient and get their details
Consent
Allergies?
Right meds?
Right dosage?
Packaging intact & sterile?
Expiry date & batch
Clarity & particles
Contras & cautions
Cross check
34
Q

What legislation allows non registrants to administer medication?

A

The Human Medicines Regulations 2012: medicinal products for parenteral administration in an emergency
Schedule 19 (17 for medics)
Allows administration of POMs without prescription in an emergency
Trust selects which drugs staff may carry and give

35
Q

Things that affect absorption

A 
Surface area
Blood flow (muscle vs subcut, avascular, eg), blood flow isn’t evenly distributed
Contact time (eg GIT & the shits)
36
Q

Drug routes advantages & disadvantages

A
37
Q

Bioavailability

A
38
Q

Pharmacotherapeutics

A

Acute - critically ill & needs acute therapy
Maintenance - chronic conditions that don’t resolve
Supportive - doesn’t treat cause of disease but supports other bodily functions
Palliative - end stage terminal disease, promoting patient comfort

39
Q

What are agonists?

A

Mechanism of Action

Chemicals that bind to a receptor and cause a reaction (eg muscle contraction)

40
Q

What are antagonists?

A

Chemicals that bind to a receptor and don’t cause a reaction

They are competitive so they bind and block

41
Q

Receptor theory

A

Protein molecules on cell membranes
Act like ON/OFF switch
Different cells have different receptors or mixture

42
Q

Toxicology

A

Branch of science concerning the nature, effects and detection of poisons

Measurement & analysis of presence of toxins, intoxicating or banned substances, & POMs in a person’s body

43
Q

Half life

A

Time it takes for a drug’s plasma content to drop by 50%
May affect dose regime
Related to CLEARANCE via liver & kidneys and DISTRIBUTION around the body
Also influenced by how well it binds to a receptor

44
Q

Prescription info

A

Name, address, DOB, NHS no., meds, frequency, dosage

TEAC (59 decks)

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