Pharmacology Flashcards
1
Q
Paracetamol (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
A
- first-line mild pain/fever
- reversible inhibitor of prostaglandin H-synthase peroxidase domain
- ADR: hepatotoxicity (treated with n-acetyl cysteine)
- Contra: liver failure/acute alcohol intoxication
2
Q
Ibuprofen (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
A
- mild pain, fever and inflammation
- NSAID, competitive inhibitor of prostaglandin H-synthase cycle oxygenase domain
- ADR: renal impairment
- Contra: gastric ulceration history
3
Q
Codeine (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
A
- moderate pain
- opioid receptor agonist (in CNS)
ADR: constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, dependence
Contra: acute respiratory depression, coma
4
Q
Prednisolone (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
A
- moderate-strong inflammation
- glucocorticoid steroid receptor agonist (down-regulates pro-inflammatory response)
- ADR: Cushing’s syndrome, immune suppression
- Contra: acute infection
5
Q
Warfarin (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
A
- anticoagulant
- competitive inhibitor of vitamin k epoxide reductase preventing the production of CF II, VII, IX, and X
- ADR: haemorrhage, hepatic dysfunction, pancreatitis
- Contra: intracranial haemorrhage, excessive bleeding, NSAID use
6
Q
Apixaban (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
A
- DOAC
- highly selective reversible inhibitor of factor Xa which prevents conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
- ADR: haemorrhage
- Contra: prosthetic heart valves
7
Q
Clopidogrel (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
A
- antiplatelet
- inhibits the platelet P2Y12 ADP receptor
- ADR: abdominal pain, dyspepsia, diarrhoea, bleeding
- Contra: active bleeding prior to surgery
8
Q
Alteplase (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
A
- clot-buster
- recombinant form of tissue plasminogen activating factor which rapidly dissolves clots
- ADR: serious bleeding, reperfusion pathologies
- Contra: bleeding, aneurysm, aortic dissection
9
Q
Salbutamol and Ipratropium (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
A
- short-duration bronchodilators for acute COPD/asthma episodes
- selective beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists
- ADR: angioedema, cardiac arrhythmias, limb tremor, hypokalaemia
- Contra: CVD, arrhythmias, low potassium
10
Q
Fluticasone (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
A
- potent anti-inflammatory steroid
- forms a complex with glucocorticoid receptor and then acts as a transcription regulator
- ADR: immune suppression, Cushing’s syndrome, osteoporosis
- Contra: immunocompromised, diabetic
11
Q
Salmeterol and Tiotropium (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
A
- long-duration bronchodilator (Salmeterol = asthma, Tiotropium = COPD)
- Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists
- ADR: constipation, cough, diarrhoea, dry mouth
- Contra: arrhythmia, cardiac failure, MI in previous 6 months
12
Q
Beta-lactams (Example, MOA, ADR, Contra)
A
- Penicillin
- Inhibit cell wall synthesis in Gram +ve bacteria (bactericidal)
- ADR: skin rashes, GI disturbances
- Contra: allergy
13
Q
Quinolones (Example, MOA, ADR, Contra)
A
- Levofloxacin
- Inhibit bacterial DNA topoisomerase to prevent DNA replication (bactericidal)
- ADR: GI disturbances, tendonitis, neuromuscular block
- Contra: caution in epilepsy and myasthenia gravis
14
Q
Macrolides (Example, MOA, ADR, Contra)
A
- Azithromycin
- Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes (bactericidal + bacteriostatic)
- ADR: diarrhoea, arthralgia, eye irritation, QT elongation
15
Q
Glycopeptides (Example, MOA, ADR, Contra)
A
- Vancomycin
- used to treat gram +ve infections resistant to other antibiotics (bactericidal)
- ADR: IV admin causes rashes/flushing, May causes ototoxicity
- Contra: allergy
16
Q
Tetracyclines (Example, MOA, ADR, Contra)
A
- Doxycycline
- used for broad spectrum (bateriostatic)
- Outcompete tRNA binding sites
- ADR: GI disturbances, oesophageal ulceration
- Contra: neonates + children due to teeth discolouration
17
Q
Sulfonamides (Example, MOA, ADR, Contra)
A
- Sulfamethoxazole
- Used to treat toxoplasma (increasing resistance) disrupts folate production to inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis
- ADR: folate deficiency, nausea, vomiting, rashes
- Contra: hepatic impairment, folate deficiency
18
Q
Aminoglycasides (Example, MOA, ADR, Contra)
A
- gentamycin
- used to treat gram -ve infection by blocking bactericidal protein synthesis
- ADR: irreversible ototoxicity with overdose, reversible nephrotoxicity
- Contra: neonates, Parkinson’s, allergy
19
Q
Esomeprazole (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
A
- Upper GI ulcers, GORD
- Irreversible protein pump inhibitor that blocks gastric hydrogen-potassium ATP-ase
- ADR: abdo pain, nausea, vomiting, headache
- Contra: osteoporosis, C-diff infection
20
Q
Ranitidine (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
A
- Upper GI ulcers and GORD
- competitive, reversible histamine-2 receptor antagonist
ADR: diarrhoea, dizziness, headache
Contra: masks gastric cancer symptoms
21
Q
Alkaline antacids (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
A
- neutralises stomach acid by being strongly alkali
- ADR: burping, diarrhoea
- Contra: hypophosphatemia, renal failure
22
Q
Cetirizine (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
A
- Moderate allergies
- Histamine-1 receptor antagonist
- ADR: fatigue, dizziness, dry mouth
- Contra: epilepsy
23
Q
Nitrous Oxide (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
A
- Inhaled
- Stimulates endorphin release
- ADR: abdominal distension
- Contra: pneumothorax
24
Q
Bupivacaine (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
A
- Regional anaesthesia/analgesia given by epidural infusion
- blocks voltage gated Na channels in nociceptive pain fibres
- ADR: cardiac arrhythmias, dizziness, convulsions
- Contra: impaired cardiac conduction
25
Pethidine (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
- Strong pain relief given by IM injection
- opioid receptor agonist in CNS inhibits pre-synaptic GABA release
- ADR: arrhythmias, confusion, respiratory depression, constipation
- Contra: acute respiratory depression, head injury
26
Fentanyl (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
- Intense pain (IV, infusion, bolus)
- opioid receptor agonist in CNS inhibits pre-synaptic GABA release
- ADR: arrhythmias, confusion, respiratory depression, constipation
- Contra: acute respiratory depression, head injury
27
Aciclovir (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
- Herpes, Varicella Zoster
- acts as guanosine analogue that blocks viral DNA polymerase
- ADR: abdo pain, skin irritation, diarrhoea
- Contra: elderly
28
Oseltamivir (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
- HnNn influenza
- competitive inhibitor of neuraminidase to limit release of new viral particles
- ADR: abdo pain, headache, vomiting, dyspepsia
- Contra: pregnancy
29
Ribavirin (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
- Hep C
- Causes lethal hypermutation of virus
- ADR: lots - depression is common
- Contra: pregnancy, CVD
30
Zidovudine (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
- HIV
- Thymidine analogue inhibits viral reverse transcriptase
- ADR: flu-like symptoms
- Contra: low Hb, neutropoenia
31
Insulin (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
- T1DM
- increases glycogen synthesis by triggering phosphorylation of elements to upregulate glucose traffic into cells
- ADR: hypoglycaemia, coma, death
- Contra: hypoglycaemia, beta-blocker use
32
Hydrocortisone (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
- Addison's disease
- forms active complex with nuclear glucocorticoid receptors which upregulates gluconeogenesis and suppresses inflammatory immune responses
- ADR: weight gain, fluid retention, hyperglycaemia
- Contra: diabetes, fungal infection, immunosuppression
33
Levothyroxine (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
- Hypothyroidism
- Binds to nuclear thyronine receptors
- ADR: tremor, arrhythmias, diarrhoea
- Contra: Ischaemia cardiac disease, Grave's disease
34
Carbimazole (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
- Hyperthyroidism in Grave's disease
- Converts methimazole which inhibits thyroid peroxidase
- ADR: joint pain, fever, headache, taste-changes
- Contra: on warfarin
35
Mannitol (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
- reduces intracranial bleeding
- draws fluid out of oedematous nerve tissues
- ADR: electrolyte imbalance, hypotension
- Contra: anuria, active intracranial bleeding
36
Dexamethasone (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
- Decreases intracranial swelling
- forms active complex with nuclear glucocorticoid receptors which upregulates gluconeogenesis and suppresses inflammatory immune responses
- ADR: immunosuppression, Cushing's syndrome, osteoporosis
- Contra: Immunocompromised, diabetic
37
Midazolam (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
- Anticonvulsant (decreases seizures)
- Increases GABA-ergic nerve activity suppression (increases Cl- influx into neurons which hyperpolarises them)
- ADR: drowsiness, cardiac arrest, aggressive behaviour
- Contra: pre-existing CNS depression, severe respiratory depression
38
Carbamazepine (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
- long-term epilepsy management
- inhibits aberrantly active CNS voltage gated Na+ channels and also acts as a GABA receptor agonist
- ADR: allergic skin reaction, aplastic anaemia, blurred vision
- Contra: porphyria, AV node block
39
Naproxen (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
- Longer lasting NSAID than ibuprofen
- Non-selective inhibition of prostaglandin H-synthase H2 enzyme
- ADR: GI ulcer/bleeding, renal impairment
- Contra: GI ulcer/bleeding, renal impairment, NSAID use
40
Oxycodone (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
- Very strong analgesia
- muscarinic opioid receptor agonist acting on CNS
- ADR: constipation, nausea, respiratory distress, dependence
- Contra: respiratory depression, raised ICP
41
Mebeverine (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
- Antispasmodic given for IBS
- Reduces Ca2+ into smooth muscle reducing contractility
- ADR: constipation, indigestion, rash, urticaria
- Contra: pre-existing paralytic ileus
42
Cinchocaine (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)
- Haemorrhoid treatment (with hydrocortisone)
- local anaesthetic blocking pain fibres
- ADR: bradyarrhythmia, hypotension, CNS effects
- Contra: heart block, Wolff-Parkinson-White arrhythmia
