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C21 Phase 1 > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Paracetamol (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • first-line mild pain/fever
  • reversible inhibitor of prostaglandin H-synthase peroxidase domain
  • ADR: hepatotoxicity (treated with n-acetyl cysteine)
  • Contra: liver failure/acute alcohol intoxication
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2
Q

Ibuprofen (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • mild pain, fever and inflammation
  • NSAID, competitive inhibitor of prostaglandin H-synthase cycle oxygenase domain
  • ADR: renal impairment
  • Contra: gastric ulceration history
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3
Q

Codeine (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • moderate pain
  • opioid receptor agonist (in CNS)
    ADR: constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, dependence
    Contra: acute respiratory depression, coma
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4
Q

Prednisolone (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • moderate-strong inflammation
  • glucocorticoid steroid receptor agonist (down-regulates pro-inflammatory response)
  • ADR: Cushing’s syndrome, immune suppression
  • Contra: acute infection
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5
Q

Warfarin (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • anticoagulant
  • competitive inhibitor of vitamin k epoxide reductase preventing the production of CF II, VII, IX, and X
  • ADR: haemorrhage, hepatic dysfunction, pancreatitis
  • Contra: intracranial haemorrhage, excessive bleeding, NSAID use
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6
Q

Apixaban (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • DOAC
  • highly selective reversible inhibitor of factor Xa which prevents conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
  • ADR: haemorrhage
  • Contra: prosthetic heart valves
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7
Q

Clopidogrel (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • antiplatelet
  • inhibits the platelet P2Y12 ADP receptor
  • ADR: abdominal pain, dyspepsia, diarrhoea, bleeding
  • Contra: active bleeding prior to surgery
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8
Q

Alteplase (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • clot-buster
  • recombinant form of tissue plasminogen activating factor which rapidly dissolves clots
  • ADR: serious bleeding, reperfusion pathologies
  • Contra: bleeding, aneurysm, aortic dissection
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9
Q

Salbutamol and Ipratropium (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • short-duration bronchodilators for acute COPD/asthma episodes
  • selective beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists
  • ADR: angioedema, cardiac arrhythmias, limb tremor, hypokalaemia
  • Contra: CVD, arrhythmias, low potassium
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10
Q

Fluticasone (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • potent anti-inflammatory steroid
  • forms a complex with glucocorticoid receptor and then acts as a transcription regulator
  • ADR: immune suppression, Cushing’s syndrome, osteoporosis
  • Contra: immunocompromised, diabetic
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11
Q

Salmeterol and Tiotropium (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • long-duration bronchodilator (Salmeterol = asthma, Tiotropium = COPD)
  • Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists
  • ADR: constipation, cough, diarrhoea, dry mouth
  • Contra: arrhythmia, cardiac failure, MI in previous 6 months
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12
Q

Beta-lactams (Example, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • Penicillin
  • Inhibit cell wall synthesis in Gram +ve bacteria (bactericidal)
  • ADR: skin rashes, GI disturbances
  • Contra: allergy
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13
Q

Quinolones (Example, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • Levofloxacin
  • Inhibit bacterial DNA topoisomerase to prevent DNA replication (bactericidal)
  • ADR: GI disturbances, tendonitis, neuromuscular block
  • Contra: caution in epilepsy and myasthenia gravis
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14
Q

Macrolides (Example, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • Azithromycin
  • Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes (bactericidal + bacteriostatic)
  • ADR: diarrhoea, arthralgia, eye irritation, QT elongation
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15
Q

Glycopeptides (Example, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • Vancomycin
  • used to treat gram +ve infections resistant to other antibiotics (bactericidal)
  • ADR: IV admin causes rashes/flushing, May causes ototoxicity
  • Contra: allergy
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16
Q

Tetracyclines (Example, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • Doxycycline
  • used for broad spectrum (bateriostatic)
  • Outcompete tRNA binding sites
  • ADR: GI disturbances, oesophageal ulceration
  • Contra: neonates + children due to teeth discolouration
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17
Q

Sulfonamides (Example, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • Sulfamethoxazole
  • Used to treat toxoplasma (increasing resistance) disrupts folate production to inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis
  • ADR: folate deficiency, nausea, vomiting, rashes
  • Contra: hepatic impairment, folate deficiency
18
Q

Aminoglycasides (Example, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • gentamycin
  • used to treat gram -ve infection by blocking bactericidal protein synthesis
  • ADR: irreversible ototoxicity with overdose, reversible nephrotoxicity
  • Contra: neonates, Parkinson’s, allergy
19
Q

Esomeprazole (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • Upper GI ulcers, GORD
  • Irreversible protein pump inhibitor that blocks gastric hydrogen-potassium ATP-ase
  • ADR: abdo pain, nausea, vomiting, headache
  • Contra: osteoporosis, C-diff infection
20
Q

Ranitidine (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • Upper GI ulcers and GORD
  • competitive, reversible histamine-2 receptor antagonist
    ADR: diarrhoea, dizziness, headache
    Contra: masks gastric cancer symptoms
21
Q

Alkaline antacids (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • neutralises stomach acid by being strongly alkali
  • ADR: burping, diarrhoea
  • Contra: hypophosphatemia, renal failure
22
Q

Cetirizine (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • Moderate allergies
  • Histamine-1 receptor antagonist
  • ADR: fatigue, dizziness, dry mouth
  • Contra: epilepsy
23
Q

Nitrous Oxide (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • Inhaled
  • Stimulates endorphin release
  • ADR: abdominal distension
  • Contra: pneumothorax
24
Q

Bupivacaine (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • Regional anaesthesia/analgesia given by epidural infusion
  • blocks voltage gated Na channels in nociceptive pain fibres
  • ADR: cardiac arrhythmias, dizziness, convulsions
  • Contra: impaired cardiac conduction
25
Q

Pethidine (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • Strong pain relief given by IM injection
  • opioid receptor agonist in CNS inhibits pre-synaptic GABA release
  • ADR: arrhythmias, confusion, respiratory depression, constipation
  • Contra: acute respiratory depression, head injury
26
Q

Fentanyl (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • Intense pain (IV, infusion, bolus)
  • opioid receptor agonist in CNS inhibits pre-synaptic GABA release
  • ADR: arrhythmias, confusion, respiratory depression, constipation
  • Contra: acute respiratory depression, head injury
27
Q

Aciclovir (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • Herpes, Varicella Zoster
  • acts as guanosine analogue that blocks viral DNA polymerase
  • ADR: abdo pain, skin irritation, diarrhoea
  • Contra: elderly
28
Q

Oseltamivir (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • HnNn influenza
  • competitive inhibitor of neuraminidase to limit release of new viral particles
  • ADR: abdo pain, headache, vomiting, dyspepsia
  • Contra: pregnancy
29
Q

Ribavirin (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • Hep C
  • Causes lethal hypermutation of virus
  • ADR: lots - depression is common
  • Contra: pregnancy, CVD
30
Q

Zidovudine (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • HIV
  • Thymidine analogue inhibits viral reverse transcriptase
  • ADR: flu-like symptoms
  • Contra: low Hb, neutropoenia
31
Q

Insulin (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • T1DM
  • increases glycogen synthesis by triggering phosphorylation of elements to upregulate glucose traffic into cells
  • ADR: hypoglycaemia, coma, death
  • Contra: hypoglycaemia, beta-blocker use
32
Q

Hydrocortisone (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • Addison’s disease
  • forms active complex with nuclear glucocorticoid receptors which upregulates gluconeogenesis and suppresses inflammatory immune responses
  • ADR: weight gain, fluid retention, hyperglycaemia
  • Contra: diabetes, fungal infection, immunosuppression
33
Q

Levothyroxine (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Binds to nuclear thyronine receptors
  • ADR: tremor, arrhythmias, diarrhoea
  • Contra: Ischaemia cardiac disease, Grave’s disease
34
Q

Carbimazole (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • Hyperthyroidism in Grave’s disease
  • Converts methimazole which inhibits thyroid peroxidase
  • ADR: joint pain, fever, headache, taste-changes
  • Contra: on warfarin
35
Q

Mannitol (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • reduces intracranial bleeding
  • draws fluid out of oedematous nerve tissues
  • ADR: electrolyte imbalance, hypotension
  • Contra: anuria, active intracranial bleeding
36
Q

Dexamethasone (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • Decreases intracranial swelling
  • forms active complex with nuclear glucocorticoid receptors which upregulates gluconeogenesis and suppresses inflammatory immune responses
  • ADR: immunosuppression, Cushing’s syndrome, osteoporosis
  • Contra: Immunocompromised, diabetic
37
Q

Midazolam (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • Anticonvulsant (decreases seizures)
  • Increases GABA-ergic nerve activity suppression (increases Cl- influx into neurons which hyperpolarises them)
  • ADR: drowsiness, cardiac arrest, aggressive behaviour
  • Contra: pre-existing CNS depression, severe respiratory depression
38
Q

Carbamazepine (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • long-term epilepsy management
  • inhibits aberrantly active CNS voltage gated Na+ channels and also acts as a GABA receptor agonist
  • ADR: allergic skin reaction, aplastic anaemia, blurred vision
  • Contra: porphyria, AV node block
39
Q

Naproxen (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • Longer lasting NSAID than ibuprofen
  • Non-selective inhibition of prostaglandin H-synthase H2 enzyme
  • ADR: GI ulcer/bleeding, renal impairment
  • Contra: GI ulcer/bleeding, renal impairment, NSAID use
40
Q

Oxycodone (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • Very strong analgesia
  • muscarinic opioid receptor agonist acting on CNS
  • ADR: constipation, nausea, respiratory distress, dependence
  • Contra: respiratory depression, raised ICP
41
Q

Mebeverine (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • Antispasmodic given for IBS
  • Reduces Ca2+ into smooth muscle reducing contractility
  • ADR: constipation, indigestion, rash, urticaria
  • Contra: pre-existing paralytic ileus
42
Q

Cinchocaine (Use, MOA, ADR, Contra)

A
  • Haemorrhoid treatment (with hydrocortisone)
  • local anaesthetic blocking pain fibres
  • ADR: bradyarrhythmia, hypotension, CNS effects
  • Contra: heart block, Wolff-Parkinson-White arrhythmia

C21 Phase 1 (45 decks)

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