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PCS 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is compliance

A

A measure of the ability of the lungs to stretch

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2
Q

What is elastic recoil

A

a measure of a tissue’s tendency to recoil

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3
Q

Effect of elastin and collagen on lung compliance

A

Elastin increases compliance

Collagen decreases compliance to prevent overexpansion

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4
Q

Surface tension in lungs and relationship to compliance

A

Air is saturated in lungs creating surface tension from water molecules, causes lungs to stretch

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5
Q

Where is surfactant created

A

alveolar type II cells

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6
Q

Factors influencing lung compliance

A 
insufficient surfactant
damage to parenchyma
damage to pleural cavity
scoliosis
obesity
emphysema
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7
Q

What is airway resistance and what are 3 major determinants of it

A

restriction of airflow in inhalation and exhalation
gas viscosity
length of tube
radius of tube

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8
Q

How is airflow resistance influenced biologically

A

Controlled by autonomic nervous system
Causes bronchorestriction/dilation
Influenced by hormones and receptors

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9
Q

How does mucus affect air flow

A

Increased resistance

Turbulent flow - surface of tube is not straight

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10
Q

What is vital capacity a measure of

A

the volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs with maximum effort after maximum inspiratory effort

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11
Q

What is FEV1 a measure of

A

Volume of air that can be expelled with forced breath out

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12
Q

What would reduce vital capacity

A

Restrictive conditions where bronchioles are constricted and expiratory ability is decreased - eg, asthma

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13
Q

What would reduce FEV1

A

Obstructive conditions which causes a lack of compliance in lungs making them unable to fill fully eg. pulmonary fibrosis

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14
Q

What are the three phases of digestion

A

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

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15
Q

What happens in the cephalic phase

A

This phases is initiated by the smell, sight. thought or taste of food. Neurological signals originate from amygdala to hypothalamus then transported through dorsal motor nuclei of vagi and then through vagus nerve. Parasympathetic system excite pepsin and acid production

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16
Q

What cells produce salivary amylase

A

acinar cells

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17
Q

What are the long and short reflexes of the gastric phase

A

Long - mediated through vagus nerves and brainstem, travels greater distance and takes longer
Short - Mediated through myenteric nerve plexus. Takes less time as is a local nerve plexus

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18
Q

What exocrine secretion is released in gastric secretions

A

Gastrin - released by G cells in the pancreas and stomach, stimulates the production of more gastric juice

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19
Q

What exocrine secretion is released in pancreatic secretions

A

Cholecystokinin - The enzyme component of pancreatic secretions

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20
Q

What exocrine secretion is released in biliary secretion

A

Secretin - stimulates duct cells to produce bicarbonate

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21
Q

Symptoms of anorexia

A

restriction of energy intake
intense fear of gaining weight or being overweight
body dysmorphia
dislike of body shape or image

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22
Q

Name the physiological stimuli for release, key release site and role in regulation of appetite of leptin

A

Stimulus - food intake, fat intake, oestrogen
release site - adipose cells, enterocytes
role in regulation - inhibits hunger, regulation of adipose tissue

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23
Q

Name the physiological stimuli for release, key release site and role in regulation of appetite of ghrelin

A

Stimulus - stomach empty
release site - stomach, pancreas, small intestine
role in regulation - acts of hypothalamus to make you more hungry, increases after dieting and stimulates growth hormone release

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24
Q

Name the physiological stimuli for release, key release site and role in regulation of appetite of orexin

A

Stimulus - low blood sugar, ghrelin
release site - lateral hypothalamus
role in regulation - increases appetite, promotes wakefulness, increases sense of smell

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25
Name the physiological stimuli for release, key release site and role in regulation of appetite of CCK
stimulus - presence of fat release site - enteroendocrine cells role in regulation - minor hunger suppressant, encourages release of digestive enzymes
26
Name the physiological stimuli for release, key release site and role in regulation of appetite of PYY
Stimulus - food intake release site - ileum and colon role in regulation - decreases appetite, stops churning of stomach, maximises digestion and reabsorption
27
How might overweight people be affected by leptin differently
they become leptin resistant and are not stopped from feeling hungry. Normally high levels of leptin give you low rewards this is reversed in obese people
28
What is the function of telomeres
Non-coding bits of DNA on chromosomes that stop different chromosomes sticking together
29
What happens over time to telomere length
They shorten with every cell division until theyre gone and cell division stops
30
What are post-mitotic cells
a mature cell no longer capable of dividing as they have no DNA or none of the required proteins for DNA replication
31
DNA damage can cause arrest at what stages of the cell cycle
G1 and G2 checkpoints
32
What role does p53
Tumour suppressor gene codes for this protein which causes apoptosis preventing cancer formation
33
What are the defining characteristics of teratomas
Comprised of multiple tissue types they develop from pluripotent stem cells unlike cancers which develop from mature specialised cells
34
What types of genes do euchromatin and heterochromatin contain
Euchromatin - contains active | Heterochromatin - contains inactive
35
What does highly conserved genes mean
kept the same and found commonly in both organism
36
Name anti-apoptotic genes
BCl2
37
Name the function and main gene products of B lymphocytes
Antibodies and immunoglobulins
38
Name the function and main gene products of basophils
Inflammation and histamines
39
Name the function and main gene products of dendritic cells
Messengers and MHCs
40
Name the function and main gene products of platelets
Clotting and coagulation factors
41
Name the function and main gene products of erythrocytes
Carriage of oxygen and haemoglobin
42
What cells aid recovery of muscle injuries
satellite cells | myoblast -> myocyte -> myotube
43
What is the normal pH of blood
7.35-7.45
44
What are the three pH buffers the body uses
Bicarbonate Haemoglobin Phosphate
45
Which buffer system in used in extracellular fluid
Bicarbonate
46
Which buffer system is used in blood
Bicarbonate and haemoglobin
47
Which buffer system is used in intracellular fluid
phosphate
48
How do the kidneys control acid-base homeostasis
Proximal CT - preserves bicarb | Distal CT - excretes acid
49
How do the lungs control acid-base homeostasis
Controls how much CO2 and therefore how much carbonic acid is in the blood
50
What is an isotonic muscle contraction
tension remains the same, muscle length shortens
51
What is an isometric muscle contraction
generates force without changing muscle length
52
What is an eccentric muscle contraction
generating force whilst causing muscles to lengthen
53
What is Starlings law of the heart
the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase of blood in the ventricles before contraction
54
How are the volumes in the heart chambers related
What goes in must come out and vise versa, volume of the left ventricle must by the same right atrium
55
What is laminar flow
all fluids running in the same direction without obstructions reduces forces against flow
56
Why do arteries have low compliance
To maintain pressure
57
How is blood pressure controlled over short time periods by the body
ANS | Negative feedback loop
58
What does vagal withdrawel do to heart rate
Has a sympathetic effect and increases heart rate
59
How does the AVN delay show on an ECG trace
PR interval
60
How does heart rate differ in heart transplant patients
Vagus nerve is cut and so heart rate is naturally higher. Heart rate does not increase with exercise very much as it is already higher
61
How does stroke volume change in heart transplant patients
Increased venous return causes increased stroke volume during exercise
62
Why does cardiac output increase even when heart rate does not during moderate exercise
Sympathetic nerves are enhanced increasing contractility
63
How is the link reaction rate controlled
Inhibition by phosphorylation by ATP and NADH | Ca2+ speeds up reaction and is released from muscle contraction - positive feedback
64
How is Krebs cycle rate controlled
At the 1st two places NADH is made | ATP is allosteric inhibitor
65
How are electrons moved through mitochondria
Shuttles
66
How are electrons moved along the chain of donors and acceptors
Move along a gradient with increasing energy
67
Why must reactive oxygen species be turned into safe waste products
They are so reactive they damage proteins and cells
68
What are the types of enzymes
``` Oxidoreductases Transferases Hydrolases Lyases Isomerases Ligases ```
69
In working muscle, how is muscle mass conserved during fasting
As it is broken down for gluconeogenesis, new proteins are transcribed from the broken down amino acids, whereas it is not conserved in non-working muscle
70
What are the classes of antibodies
``` IgA IgG IgD IgM IgE ```
71
What do antibodies do
Agglutination Opsonisation Neutralisation

C21 Phase 1 (45 decks)

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