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C21 Phase 1 > Case 5 - Cognition and Hearing > Flashcards

Case 5 - Cognition and Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

Changes in the brain over time

A

Decrease in brain mass
Decreased cortical density
Decreased white matter
Less neurotransmitter

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2
Q

How does the structure of the ear affect propagation

A

Middle ear air - sound moves easily

Inner ear - liquid - sound moves less easily

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3
Q

Cell types in the brain

A 
Neurons
Glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia)
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4
Q

How is memory loss clinically diagnosed

A

MOCA
MRI
History
Blood test to rule out other causes

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5
Q

What are the five lobes of the brain

A 
Occipital
Temporal
Frontal
Insula
Parietal
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6
Q

How do both hemispheres of the brain communicate

A

Via the corpus collosum

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7
Q

Types of memory

A

Sensory
Short-term
Long-term

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8
Q

Brain imaging techniques

A 
PET
CT
EEG
MEG
fMRI
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9
Q

What are the requirements for patients to make decisions

A

to understand the information relevant to the decision,
to retain that information,
to use or weigh that information as part of the process of making the decision, or
to communicate his decision (whether by talking, using sign language or any other means).

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10
Q

Types of dementia

A

Alzheimers
Lewy Body
Fronto-temporal
Vascular

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11
Q

Function of the parietal lobe

A

Assessing numerical relationships, including the number of objects you see.
Some visual functions, in conjunction with the occipital lobe.
Assessing shape, size, and orientation in space of both visible stimuli and objects you remember encountering.
Mapping the visual world-specific regions in the parietal lobe serves as maps to the visual world.
Coordinating hand, arm, and eye motions.
Coordinating attention.
Processing language.

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12
Q

Function of the occipital lobe

A

controlling vision and visual processing

ability to understand and differentiate between different shapes

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13
Q

Function of the temporal lobe

A

facial recognition, language comprehension, speech, memory, auditory perception, and emotional responses

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14
Q

Function of the frontal lobe

A

skeletal movement, ocular movement, speech control, the expression of emotions

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15
Q

Function of the prefrontal cortex

A

Coordinating and adjusting complex behavior. Impulse control and control and organization of emotional reactions.

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16
Q

Features of the limbic system

A

Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala

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17
Q

Function of the pons

A

The pons helps to regulate the respiratory system by assisting the medulla oblongata in controlling breathing rate. The pons is also involved in the control of sleep cycles and the regulation of deep sleep. The pons activates inhibitory centers in the medulla in order to inhibit movement during sleep

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18
Q

Function of the medulla

A

The medulla oblongata is responsible for a number of autonomic physiological processes such as breathing, digestion, vasoconstriction, and reflex responses like sneezing, gagging, and vomiting. These processes occur unconsciously and are necessary for survival.

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19
Q

Function of the amygdala

A

Helps mediate emotions, especially impulsive ones eg, fear, excitement, aggression, anger, attraction

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20
Q

Function of the cerebellum

A

Maintaining balance: The cerebellum has special sensors that detect shifts in balance and movement. It sends signals for the body to adjust and move.
Coordinating movement: Most body movements require the coordination of multiple muscle groups. The cerebellum times muscle actions so that the body can move smoothly.
Vision: The cerebellum coordinates eye movements.
Motor learning: The cerebellum helps the body to learn movements that require practice and fine-tuning. For example, the cerebellum plays a role in learning to ride a bicycle or play a musical instrument.
Other functions: Researchers believe the cerebellum has some role in thinking, including processing language and mood. However, findings on these functions are yet to receive full exploration.

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21
Q

Function of Brocas area

A

Gives the ability to form speech

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22
Q

Function of Wernickes area

A

Gives the ability to comprehend speech

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23
Q

What parts of the brain does the anterior cerebral artery supply

A

Superior, medial and anterior aspects

24
Q

What parts of the brain does the middle cerebral artery supply

A

Lateral aspect

25
Q

What parts of the brain does the posterior cerebral artery supply

A

Posterior and inferior lateral aspects

26
Q

What vessels supply the cerebellum

A

Superior cerebellar artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
Pontine arteries

27
Q

What is sensory memory

A

Sensory memory can be impaired by excessive distractions or damage to sensory organs. It is often not identified because you don’t remember anything about the thing you have forgotten.

28
Q

What is short term memory

A

Short-term memory has a limited storage capacity and therefore, this type of memory is the most susceptible to interference from the pain, stress, fatigue, attention problems, and sensory overload that can follow a brain injury. If you are interrupted while receiving a bit of information, the thought may be lost. Thus, it is hard to remember what your coach, boss, or spouse just told you. If there is a problem encoding short-term memories into long-term memories, they are forgotten.

29
Q

What is long term memory

A

Long term memories have been consolidated and stored.

30
Q

What is memory deletion

A

Underused long term memories may be systematically deleted if not fully consolidated as they may not be useful

31
Q

What is memory consolidation

A

Taking short term memories and committing them to long term memories for retrieval

32
Q

What is memory retrieval

A

The accessing of memories stored as long term into the short term mind for use

33
Q

Symptoms of Alzheimer’s dementia

A

Memory loss

34
Q

Symptoms of fronto-temporal dementia

A

Apathy, poor judgement, memory loss, hyperorality

35
Q

Symptoms of Lewy Body Dementia

A

Visual hallucinations, REM sleep disorders, memory loss, delirium, Parkinsonian symptoms

36
Q

Symptoms of Crutz-Jakob Disease

A

Memory loss, mood disorders, movement disorders

37
Q

Symptoms of vascular dementia

A

Falls, focal weakness, strokes (TIAs), sudden decreased memory

38
Q

Considerations to live independently with memory loss

A 
Home condition
Personal hygiene
Mobility
Ability to cook/wash/dress
Isolation
Safety
39
Q

What is conductive hearing loss

A

Problem transferring sound through the outer or middle ear

40
Q

What is sensorineural hearing loss

A

Problem in inner ear and/or cochlea

41
Q

Result of Weber’s test with unilateral conductive hearing loss

A

Sound is louder in unaffected ear

42
Q

Result of Rinne’s test when patient can hear better at the pinna than the mastoid

A

Normal hearing or sensorineural hearing loss

43
Q

Result of Rinne’s test when patient can hear better at the mastoid than the pinna

A

Conductive hearing loss

44
Q

Noise induced hearing loss on audiogram

A

sharp loss of hearing around 4000Hz

45
Q

Presbycusis audiogram

A

Reduced hearing at higher frequencies

46
Q

Bones of the ear

A

Malleus, incus, stapes

47
Q

What reflex protects the ear from loud noise

A

Acoustic reflex

48
Q

How does the acoustic reflex work

A

the acoustic reflex only involves the contraction of the stapedius muscle and protects the cochlear from loud noises

49
Q

What bone does the inner ear lie in

A

Temporal bone

50
Q

What are the borders of the organ of corti

A

The organ of Corti is located in the scala media of the cochlea of the inner ear between the vestibular duct and the tympanic duct

51
Q

What is the role of the inner hair cells in the organ of Corti

A

differentiation of pitch

52
Q

What is the role of the outer hair cells in the organ of Corti

A

amplification

53
Q

What is the role of the round window in the ear

A

Allows fluid in the inner ear to move so vibrations can travel

54
Q

Why might a prosthetic stapes be fitted

A

Otosclerosis - calcification of the stapes

55
Q

what is a dry labyrinth and what are the consequences

A

Inner ear infection

Dizziness, poor balance

56
Q

Which type of deafness are cochlear implants suitable for

A

Sensorineural

C21 Phase 1 (45 decks)

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