Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

C21 Phase 1 > PCS 1 > Flashcards

PCS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of cell-cell junctions

A 
tight junctions
gap junctions
adherans junctions 
desmosomes
hemidesmosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where do you find tight junctions

A

bladder, skin as they must be waterproof

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where do you find gap junctions

A

smooth muscle, cardio, must have room to contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What special function do gap junctions have which makes it useful to cardiac cells

A

allows chemical communication between adjacent cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the key properties and functions of type 1 collagen fibres

A

adds strength by twisting chains of collagen, forms scar tissue, forms fibrous proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the key properties and functions of elastin fibres

A

Snap back to original length when relaxed. Provides elasticity and resilience to tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the key properties and functions of hyaluronan

A

Expands rapidly in water and can be used to treat joint conditions. It forms a part of synovial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the key properties and functions of aggrecan

A

Component of cartilage, constantly trying to expand and draw water in.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the epithelium of the skin

A

Stratified squamous epithelial cells. Thick (5) layers on hands and feet, thin (4) layers everywhere else. Certain layers more able to mutate than others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why is it important for most cells to be pressed closely together

A

Keeps them impermeable
Reduces stress on cells
Junction diversity can be used to causes ranging permeability
Tightly packed cells offer greater protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the main components of extracellular matrix

A

Glycosaminoglycans
Hyaluronic acid
Collagen
Elastin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the layers of skeletal muscle

A

Epimysium - outer layer, allows contraction
Perimysium - layers separating section allows nervous input
Endomysium - Contains extracellular fluid tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the connective tissue around nerves

A

Endoneurium - surrounds axon
perineurium - surrounds nerve bundles
epineurium - encloses nerve and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What parts of the cytoskeleton are involved in muscle contraction and which one generates force

A

Actin and myosin - myosin generates force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How are vesicles moved around cells

A

motor proteins - kinesin and dynein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How are ribosomes ‘attached’ to the RER

A

When a protein is formed signal sequences high in leucine triggers binding of signal recognition particle which binds to the ribosome, receptor and translocon, giving the appearance theyre all connected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do the cis and trans end of the Golgi body do

A

Cis - incoming

Trans - outgoing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Inside nerve cells, are the concentrations of K, Na and Cl high or low

A

K - high
Na - low
Cl - low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Outside nerve cells, are the concentrations of K, Na and Cl high or low

A

K - low
Na - high
Cl - high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a resting potential

A

A voltage difference across the cell membrane when the cell is at rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What maintains the unequal distribution of ions across the nerve cell membrane

A

Sodium/potassium pump, powered by Sodium/Potassium ATPase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which ion type is the nerve cell membrane more permeable to

A

K+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do action potentials propagate down unmyelinated axons

A

Local currents

Membrane has absolute refractory to ensure unidirectional propagation

24
Q

How do action potentials propagate down myelinated axons

A

Impulse jumps over myelin for faster conduction

25
Q

What are EPSPs and IPSPs

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

26
Q

What generates EPSPs and IPSPs

A

Neurotransmitters

27
Q

What does an EPSP cause

A

The membrane potential to rise above the resting potential

28
Q

What system is activated when you need energy immediately

A

Immediate system - intramuscular creatine phosphate

29
Q

What systems are activated when you need energy over a short period eg. 1 minute

A

1st - Creatine phosphate

2nd - Anaerobic glycolysis - initiated by high intensity contractions and causes lactate build up

30
Q

What systems are activated when you need energy over a long period eg. a marathon

A

1st - creatine phosphate
2nd - anaerobic glycolysis
3rd - aerobic glycolysis - causes oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP

31
Q

What is beta oxidation

A

Fatty acids are broken down into Co enzyme A for use in Kreb’s cycle

32
Q

What is gluconeogenesis

A

Turning pyruvate back to glucose to satisfy blood glucose demands

33
Q

What is hitting the wall

A

Overaccumulation of lactate production. Can be prevented by carb loading and training at altitude

34
Q

What is the Cori cycle

A

Lactic acid enters the liver as lactate and is turned back into glucose

35
Q

What is recovery and how is it achieved

A

Repaying oxygen debt and resynthesising ATP and glycogen stores.

36
Q

What protein stores oxygen in muscle cells

A

myoglobin

37
Q

On an electron micrograph of a sarcomere what are the thick and thin filaments comprised of

A

Thick - myosin

Thin - actin

38
Q

Which sarcomere band gets shorter when the muscle contracts

A

I band

39
Q

How is muscle contraction controlled

A

Tropomyosin blocks myosin attaching to actin and contracting. With ATP and calcium, tropomyosin is moved out of the way, bringing actin and myosin together causing the muscle to contract

40
Q

What is the relative refractory period

A

action potential possible but stimulus must be stronger

41
Q

What are the different types of biological reactions

A 
Redox
Ligation
Isomerism
Group Transfer
Hydrolysis
Lyases
42
Q

How can reaction pathways be regulated

A 
Synthesis/breakdown of enzyme rate
Accessibility of substrate
Ratio of substrates and products can cause inhibition
Monitoring available ATP
Non-competitive inhibition
43
Q

How is the cell cycle regulated

A

Cyclin dependant kinases and cyclins

44
Q

What are the cell cycle checkpoints

A

G1 checkpoint
G2 checkpoint
Spindle assembly checkpoint

45
Q

What are the two mechanisms of cell death

A

Necrosis

Apoptosis

46
Q

How is apoptosis regulated

A

Balance of pro-apoptotic factors (Bax, Bak) and anti-apoptotic factors (BCl2)

47
Q

What is an endogenous infection

A

self-infections

48
Q

What is an exogenous infection

A

person-person transmission

49
Q

Methods of disease transmission

A

Respiratory
Salivary
Faecal-Oral
Vereneal

50
Q

Portals for disease entry

A 
Gastrointestinal
Respiratory
Genitourinary
Skin breakages
Eyes
51
Q

Places where you find elastic cartilage

A

Epiglottis

Larynx

52
Q

Places where you find hyaline cartilage

A

Trachea

Foetal knee

53
Q

Places where you find fibro cartilage

A

intervertebral disc

Glenoid fossa

54
Q

Hormones affecting reabsorption in the kidney

A

Angiotensin II
Aldosterone
ADH

55
Q

Why must you eat larger quantities of omega-3 and omega-6

A

Your body cannot synthesise these

C21 Phase 1 (45 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions