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C21 Phase 1 > PCS 1 > Flashcards

PCS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of cell-cell junctions

A 
tight junctions
gap junctions
adherans junctions 
desmosomes
hemidesmosomes
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2
Q

Where do you find tight junctions

A

bladder, skin as they must be waterproof

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3
Q

Where do you find gap junctions

A

smooth muscle, cardio, must have room to contract

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4
Q

What special function do gap junctions have which makes it useful to cardiac cells

A

allows chemical communication between adjacent cells

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5
Q

What are the key properties and functions of type 1 collagen fibres

A

adds strength by twisting chains of collagen, forms scar tissue, forms fibrous proteins

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6
Q

What are the key properties and functions of elastin fibres

A

Snap back to original length when relaxed. Provides elasticity and resilience to tissues

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7
Q

What are the key properties and functions of hyaluronan

A

Expands rapidly in water and can be used to treat joint conditions. It forms a part of synovial fluid

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8
Q

What are the key properties and functions of aggrecan

A

Component of cartilage, constantly trying to expand and draw water in.

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9
Q

Describe the epithelium of the skin

A

Stratified squamous epithelial cells. Thick (5) layers on hands and feet, thin (4) layers everywhere else. Certain layers more able to mutate than others

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10
Q

Why is it important for most cells to be pressed closely together

A

Keeps them impermeable
Reduces stress on cells
Junction diversity can be used to causes ranging permeability
Tightly packed cells offer greater protection

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11
Q

What are the main components of extracellular matrix

A

Glycosaminoglycans
Hyaluronic acid
Collagen
Elastin

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12
Q

What are the layers of skeletal muscle

A

Epimysium - outer layer, allows contraction
Perimysium - layers separating section allows nervous input
Endomysium - Contains extracellular fluid tissue

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13
Q

Describe the connective tissue around nerves

A

Endoneurium - surrounds axon
perineurium - surrounds nerve bundles
epineurium - encloses nerve and blood vessels

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14
Q

What parts of the cytoskeleton are involved in muscle contraction and which one generates force

A

Actin and myosin - myosin generates force

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15
Q

How are vesicles moved around cells

A

motor proteins - kinesin and dynein

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16
Q

How are ribosomes ‘attached’ to the RER

A

When a protein is formed signal sequences high in leucine triggers binding of signal recognition particle which binds to the ribosome, receptor and translocon, giving the appearance theyre all connected

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17
Q

What do the cis and trans end of the Golgi body do

A

Cis - incoming

Trans - outgoing

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18
Q

Inside nerve cells, are the concentrations of K, Na and Cl high or low

A

K - high
Na - low
Cl - low

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19
Q

Outside nerve cells, are the concentrations of K, Na and Cl high or low

A

K - low
Na - high
Cl - high

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20
Q

What is a resting potential

A

A voltage difference across the cell membrane when the cell is at rest

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21
Q

What maintains the unequal distribution of ions across the nerve cell membrane

A

Sodium/potassium pump, powered by Sodium/Potassium ATPase

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22
Q

Which ion type is the nerve cell membrane more permeable to

A

K+

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23
Q

How do action potentials propagate down unmyelinated axons

A

Local currents

Membrane has absolute refractory to ensure unidirectional propagation

24
Q

How do action potentials propagate down myelinated axons

A

Impulse jumps over myelin for faster conduction

25
Q

What are EPSPs and IPSPs

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

26
Q

What generates EPSPs and IPSPs

A

Neurotransmitters

27
Q

What does an EPSP cause

A

The membrane potential to rise above the resting potential

28
Q

What system is activated when you need energy immediately

A

Immediate system - intramuscular creatine phosphate

29
Q

What systems are activated when you need energy over a short period eg. 1 minute

A

1st - Creatine phosphate

2nd - Anaerobic glycolysis - initiated by high intensity contractions and causes lactate build up

30
Q

What systems are activated when you need energy over a long period eg. a marathon

A

1st - creatine phosphate
2nd - anaerobic glycolysis
3rd - aerobic glycolysis - causes oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP

31
Q

What is beta oxidation

A

Fatty acids are broken down into Co enzyme A for use in Kreb’s cycle

32
Q

What is gluconeogenesis

A

Turning pyruvate back to glucose to satisfy blood glucose demands

33
Q

What is hitting the wall

A

Overaccumulation of lactate production. Can be prevented by carb loading and training at altitude

34
Q

What is the Cori cycle

A

Lactic acid enters the liver as lactate and is turned back into glucose

35
Q

What is recovery and how is it achieved

A

Repaying oxygen debt and resynthesising ATP and glycogen stores.

36
Q

What protein stores oxygen in muscle cells

A

myoglobin

37
Q

On an electron micrograph of a sarcomere what are the thick and thin filaments comprised of

A

Thick - myosin

Thin - actin

38
Q

Which sarcomere band gets shorter when the muscle contracts

A

I band

39
Q

How is muscle contraction controlled

A

Tropomyosin blocks myosin attaching to actin and contracting. With ATP and calcium, tropomyosin is moved out of the way, bringing actin and myosin together causing the muscle to contract

40
Q

What is the relative refractory period

A

action potential possible but stimulus must be stronger

41
Q

What are the different types of biological reactions

A 
Redox
Ligation
Isomerism
Group Transfer
Hydrolysis
Lyases
42
Q

How can reaction pathways be regulated

A 
Synthesis/breakdown of enzyme rate
Accessibility of substrate
Ratio of substrates and products can cause inhibition
Monitoring available ATP
Non-competitive inhibition
43
Q

How is the cell cycle regulated

A

Cyclin dependant kinases and cyclins

44
Q

What are the cell cycle checkpoints

A

G1 checkpoint
G2 checkpoint
Spindle assembly checkpoint

45
Q

What are the two mechanisms of cell death

A

Necrosis

Apoptosis

46
Q

How is apoptosis regulated

A

Balance of pro-apoptotic factors (Bax, Bak) and anti-apoptotic factors (BCl2)

47
Q

What is an endogenous infection

A

self-infections

48
Q

What is an exogenous infection

A

person-person transmission

49
Q

Methods of disease transmission

A

Respiratory
Salivary
Faecal-Oral
Vereneal

50
Q

Portals for disease entry

A 
Gastrointestinal
Respiratory
Genitourinary
Skin breakages
Eyes
51
Q

Places where you find elastic cartilage

A

Epiglottis

Larynx

52
Q

Places where you find hyaline cartilage

A

Trachea

Foetal knee

53
Q

Places where you find fibro cartilage

A

intervertebral disc

Glenoid fossa

54
Q

Hormones affecting reabsorption in the kidney

A

Angiotensin II
Aldosterone
ADH

55
Q

Why must you eat larger quantities of omega-3 and omega-6

A

Your body cannot synthesise these

C21 Phase 1 (45 decks)

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