Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

C21 Phase 1 > Case 13 - Head Injury > Flashcards

Case 13 - Head Injury Flashcards

1
Q

3 regions of the nasal cavity

A

vestibule
respiratory
olfactory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Blood supply to vessels in the nasal cavity and implication of this

A

Internal and external carotid

Makes it harder to stop nose bleeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the projections in the nasal cavity to increase surface area known as

A

Conchae/turbinates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the spaces between turbinates known as

A

Meati

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the different paranasal air sinus’

A

Sphenoidal
Ethmoidal (anterior + posterior)
frontal
maxillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Features of the oral cavity

A

Teeth, tongue, hard and soft palette, uvula, palatoglossal arches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is a laryngoscope placed to give a view of the larynx

A

Valleculae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Muscles of the pharynx and their role

A

inner longitudinal - elevator muscles

outer circular - constrictor muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Regions of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngohypopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is located laterally to the pharynx

A

Carotid sheath containing common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is located posteriorly to the pharynx

A

retropharyngeal space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Features of the nasopharynx

A

Auditory tube

Pharyngeal tonsil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Features of the oropharynx

A

Palatine tonsils

Palatopharyngeal arches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Features of the hypopharynx

A

Laryngeal inlet

Piriform fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the laryngeal cartilages

A

thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
arytenoid cartilage
epiglottic cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the laryngeal membranes

A

thyrohyoid membranes

cricothyroid membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Vocal folds and the function

A 
Vestibular folds
True folds (sound generating)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx and their action

A

Interarytenoid = adducts vocal folds
lateral cricoarytenoid = adducts vocal folds
posterior cricoarytenoid = abducts vocal folds
cricothyroid = tenses vocal folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the arterial blood supply to the brainstem

A

pontine branches of the basilar artery as well as partial supply from cerebellar vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Features of brainstem strokes

A

Often cause catastrophic damage - 85% fatality rate

Wide range of symptoms depending on where the infarction has occurred

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does axonal regeneration work in the PNS

A

Phagocytosis of damaged neuron

Schwann cells regress to early neuron to help promote axonal growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is scar tissue formed in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes divide and hypertrophy
Astrocytes form a barrier around the legion
Meningeal cells may invade and form a plug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why is axonal regeneration not possible in the CNS

A

Physically blocked by scar formation

Chemically blocked by inhibitory molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a diffuse axonal injury

A

Caused by sudden jerking to the head and neck it causes axons to twist and shear/rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is a coup and contracoup injury
Head injury where the brain is ricocheted to the opposite side of the skull, causing brain damage in two areas
26
Consequences of necrotic breakdown in CNS
Glutamate released which can overexcite neurons and cause cell death
27
What do different GCS scores mean
``` 14-15 = mild 9-13 = moderate 3-8 = severe (coma) ```
28
Causes of coma
``` Infection Fits Stroke Overdose Metabolic Neoplasm Oxygen Deficiency Low temp/blood pressure Endocrine Narcotics Trauma ```
29
Features of Cushing's triad
hypertension bradycardia respiratory depression
30
Signs of raised intracranial pressure
``` Headache Nausea Vomiting Nerve palsies Altered consciousness Papillodaemia ```
31
What is a lucid interval
Period of wakefulness following a period of unconsciousness after a head injury
32
Features and treatment for extradural haemorrhage
Lemon shaped bleed on CT at the skull line Reasonably good prognosis Usually caused by traumatic injury Craniotomy as treatment
33
Features for subdural haemorrhage
Banana shaped bleed on CT at the skull line Caused by ruptured bridging veins Common in the elderly Can have an insidious onset
34
Features of a subarachnoid haemorrhage and treatment
Thunder clap headache Due to rupture of berry aneurysm Treated with rest and surgical clipping of aneurysm
35
Features of intracerebral haemorrhage and treatment
Bleed within brain tissue on CT Control hypertension Stop blood thinning medication Surgery can be an option for large superficial haematomas
36
Obstructive causes of hydrocephalus
Tumours Abscess cyst Congenital aqueduct stenosis
37
Non-obstructive causes of hydrocephalus
Intracranial haemorrhage infection meningitis
38
Examples of intracranial infections
intracerebral abscess | Subdural/extradural empyema
39
Causes of intracranial infections
``` paranasal sinus infection dental abscess middle ear/mastoid infection head trauma post-operative ```
40
Causes of cauda equina syndrome and treatment
herniated lumbar disc degenerative spinal stenosis tumour trauma urgent MRI and lumbar decompression and discectomy
41
Causes of acute spinal cord compression
``` Disc herniation Tumour Haematoma Empyema Vertebral body fracture ```
42
Type of infection crossing the blood brain barrier
Encephalitis
43
Type of infection crossing the blood brain CSF barrier
Meningitis
44
Risk factors for meningitis
``` Babies Prison populations College campus' Travel Occupational hazard ```
45
Symptoms of meningitis
``` Fever Rash Stiff neck Photophobia Seizures/convulsions Rapid breathing Muscle pain Headaches ```
46
CSF findings with bacterial infection
Increased: neutrophils, protein Decreased: glucose
47
CSF findings with viral infection
Increased: lymphocytes
48
CSF findings with TB infection
Increased: lymphocytes Decreased: glucose
49
CSF findings with fungal infection
Increased: lymphocytes | All others variable
50
Treatment of meningitis
Antibiotics (cetotaxamine, amoxicillin, vancomycin) | Steroids
51
Causes of viral encephalitis
``` HSV varicella-zoster cytomegalovirus mumps poliovirus rabies HIV ```
52
Ways to diagnose encephalitis
Lumbar puncture with CSF culture CT head EEG
53
Treatment for encephalitis
Antiviral, eg, Acyclovir
54
Features, methods of diagnosis and treatment of cerebral abscess
Symptoms associated with increasing intracranial mass Diagnosed by CT with contrast, blood culture, lumbar puncture is CONTRAINDICATED Treatment: antibiotics, surgical debridement
55
Bones of the skull
Cranium - temporal, occipital, frontal, parietal Jaw - Maxilla, mandible Facial - zygomatic, lacrimal, nasal, ethmoid, sphenoid
56
Indications for a CT head with contrast
Meningeal enhancement | Better view of infection
57
Indications for a CT head without contrast
Stroke headache trauma
58
Types of brain herniation
``` Uncal Central Cingulate Transcalvarial Upward Tonsillar ```
59
Types of hydrocephalus
``` Acquired Congenital Non-communicating Communicating Normal pressure ex-vacuo ```
60
Symptoms of a stroke
* A weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg * A change in the vision of one or both eyes that occur suddenly with no known cause * A severe sudden headache that cannot be explained by any injury or other cause * A quick onset of dizziness, loss of coordination/balance, or other problems walking * A sudden problem talking or expressing thoughts and words
61
What is carotid artery dissection
Arterial dissection of the carotid arteries occurs when a small tear forms in the innermost lining of the arterial wall (known as the tunica intima). Blood is then able to enter the space between the inner and outer layers of the vessel, causing narrowing (stenosis) or complete occlusion. The stenosis that occurs in the early stages of arterial dissection is a dynamic process and some occlusions can return to stenosis very quickly.
62
What is the common cause of carotid artery dissection
Carotid artery dissection is thought to be more commonly caused by severe violent trauma to the head and/or neck
63
Complications of carotid artery dissection
blood clots form and break off from the site of the tear, they form emboli, which can travel through the arteries to the brain and block the blood supply to the brain, resulting in an ischaemic stroke, otherwise known as a cerebral infarction. Blood clots, or emboli, originating from the dissection are thought to be the cause of infarction in the majority of cases of stroke in the presence of carotid artery dissection.
64
Types of skull fracture
Comminuted/depressed Basilar Linear
65
Descending spinal tracts
Lateral corticospinal tract | Ventral corticospinal tract
66
Ascending spinal tracts
Dorsal column Lateral spinothalamic tract Ventral spinothalamic tract
67
Actions of the lateral corticospinal tract
Voluntary motor neurons
68
Actions of the ventral corticospinal tract
Voluntary motor neurons
69
Actions of the Dorsal column
Deep touch Proprioception Vibration
70
Action of the lateral spinothalamic tract
Pain and temperature
71
Action of the ventral spinothalamic tract
Light touch

C21 Phase 1 (45 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions