Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

C21 Phase 1 > Case 2 - Cardiac > Flashcards

Case 2 - Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the process of atherosclerosis formation

A

Endothelium becomes injured
Lipids accumulate and oxidize in the tunica intima
Smooth muscle cells proliferate and a fibrous cap forms over plaque
Plaque becomes unstable and may rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens when there is a plaque in an artery

A

Plaque caused hypertension by causes stenosis of the vessel and decreasing the diameter. Endothelial cells damaged by the plaque release nitric oxide and prostacyclin which along with LDLs cause an increased risk of a clot.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cardiac causes of dyspnoea

A

heart failure
mitral regurgitation
hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three main arteries of the heart

A

Left circumflex
Left anterior descending
Right coronary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are vascular relaxing agents

A

Nitric oxide, prostacyclin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are vascular contracting agents

A

angiotensin II, endothelin I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Effect of nitric oxide and prostacyclin on blood vessels

A

Inhibits platelet aggregation, potent vasodilator, inhibits proliferation of smooth muscle. Nitric oxide can also be carried around the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Effect of endothelin I

A

potent vasoconstrictor, stimulates proliferation of vascular smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are heart murmurs

A

sounds most commonly originate from the abnormal movement of blood across valves and between cardiac chambers. When this occurs, turbulence results, which produces vibrations in the chambers of the heart or outflow vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is a heart attack diagnosed

A

troponin test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How might women present with a heart attack

A

back or neck pain, indigestion, heartburn, lightheadedness, shortness of breath, fatigue, nausea, or pain in the back of the jaw.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why does heart attack pain radiate

A

Dermatomes of the phrenic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does stable angina differ from acute coronary syndrome

A

Stable angina is a repeatable and expected discomfort on exertion, whereas acute coronary syndrome could be anything from unstable angina to a hear attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why do you develop breathlessness and chest pain with ischaemia

A

If your heart cannot pump enough blood to meet your body’s needs, you may develop shortness of breath or extreme fatigue with exertion. Angina is chest pain or discomfort caused when your heart muscle doesn’t get enough oxygen-rich blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How can myocardial ischemia be illustrated on an ECG

A

ST depression on exersion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Treatment for angina

A 
GTN
Ca2+ blockers
Beta blockers
Nicorandil
Ivabradine
Lifestyle changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Risk factors for CVD

A 
smoking
alcohol
obesity
genetics
sex
activity level
ethnicity
diabetes
poor diet
high blood pressure/ cholesterol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

percutaneous investigations for CVD

A

Angiography
CT coronary angiography
echocardiogram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Treatment options for CVD

A

medication
surgery
PCI

20
Q

What surgery is commonly performed for CVD

A

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

21
Q

What vessels are usually harvested for a CABG

A

Great saphenous vein

Mammary artery

22
Q

What is cardiac catheterization

A

Checks the inside of your arteries for blockage by inserting a thin, flexible tube through an artery in the groin, arm, or neck to reach the heart. Health care professionals can measure blood pressure within the heart and the strength of blood flow through the heart’s chambers as well as collect blood samples from the heart or inject dye into the arteries of the heart

23
Q

What is a coronary angiogram

A

Uses X-rays to detect dye injected via cardiac catheterization.

24
Q

What is an exercise stress test used for

A

to:

Diagnose coronary artery disease
Diagnose a possible heart-related cause of symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath or lightheadedness
Determine a safe level of exercise
Check the effectiveness of procedures done to improve coronary artery circulation in patients with coronary artery disease
Predict risk of dangerous heart-related conditions such as a heart attack.

25
Q

indications for anticoagulants and examples

A

DVT, PE, Stroke
Unstable angina, MI, AF
Warfarin, heparin, DOACs

26
Q

indications for antiplatelets and examples

A

Antiplatelet treatments are given for:
The primary prevention of atherothrombotic events in people who are at high risk.
The secondary prevention of atherothrombotic events in people with:
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS).
Angina.
Peripheral arterial disease.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) — in some people, although anticoagulants are more usually prescribed.
The secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in people after:
Myocardial infarction (MI).
Stent implantation.
Stroke or transient ischaemic attack.

Aspirin, Clopidogrel

27
Q

indications and action of beta blockers and examples

A

Angina, hypertension, heart failure, arrhythmia

Negative inotropic, chronotropic and dromotropic effect

acebutolol hydrochloride
atenolol

28
Q

indications, action and examples of calcium channel blockers

A

Angina, Hypertension, Reynauds, SVTs

Class IV antiarrhythmics
Calcium channel blockers lower your blood pressure by preventing calcium from entering the cells of your heart and arteries. Calcium causes the heart and arteries to contract more strongly. By blocking calcium, calcium channel blockers allow blood vessels to relax and open.

Some calcium channel blockers have the added benefit of slowing your heart rate, which can further lower your blood pressure, relieve chest pain (angina) and control an irregular heartbeat.

Amlodipine, Verapamil

29
Q

indications, action and examples of nitrates

A

angina

dilation of cardiac blood vessels

Nitroglycerin

30
Q

indications, action and examples of statins

A

High cholesterol, increased risk of cardiac event

Statins are a class of medicines that are used to lower blood cholesterol levels. They do this by blocking the action of an enzyme in the liver that is necessary for making cholesterol

Lovastatin
Pravastatin

31
Q

Types of Acute coronary syndrome

A

Unstable angina, NSTEMI, STEMI

32
Q

STEMI vs NSTEMI

A

A STEMI or ST-elevation myocardial infarction is caused by a sudden complete (100 percent) blockage of a heart artery (coronary artery). A non-STEMI is usually caused by a severely narrowed artery but the artery is usually not completely blocked

33
Q

Cardiac vein for marginal branch of RCA

A

small cardiac vein

34
Q

Cardiac vein for posterior descending branch of RCA

A

middle cardiac vein

35
Q

Cardiac vein for LAD artery

A

great cardiac vein

36
Q

What does the right marginal cardiac artery supply

A

right ventricle and apex

37
Q

What does the left marginal cardiac artery supply

A

left ventricle

38
Q

What does the right coronary artery supply

A

right atrium and ventricle

39
Q

What does the LAD supply

A

left and right ventricle and intraventricular septum

40
Q

what does the left circumflex artery supply

A

left atrium and ventricle

41
Q

what does the posterior intraventricular artery supply

A

left and right ventricles and intraventricular septum

42
Q

Consequences of lean adipose tissue

A 
Increased:
anti-inflammation
antioxidants
insulin sensitivity
angiogenesis
43
Q

Consequences of obese adipose tissue

A 
Increased:
oxidative stress
inflammation
insulin resistance
dysfunctional angiogenesis
44
Q

Causes of non-cardiac chest pain

A 
PE
Pneumonia
Pneumothorax
MSK
GORD
Peptic ulcer
45
Q

Where do you auscultate for heart sounds

A

Aortic - mid-right 2nd intercostal space
Pulmonary - mid-left 2nd intercostal space
Tricuspid - mid-right 4/5th intercostal space
Mitral - left 5th intercostal space

46
Q

What are the abnormal heart sounds

A

S3 : this sound can sometimes be heard early in diastole (following S2), in young people or athletes it is normal, however in older patients it often indicates congestive heart failure. It is caused by deceleration of blood moving from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

S4 : this sound can sometimes be heard during atrial contraction (late diastole, immediately before S1) and is associated with reduced ventricular compliance (“stiff” ventricles) or left ventricular hypertrophy.

47
Q

What is seen on an exercise stress test with stable angina

A

ST depression

C21 Phase 1 (45 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions