Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Abbey MSII Unit 3 > Pharm U3 optho. > Flashcards

Pharm U3 optho. Flashcards

1
Q

what allows transmission of central light rays through the pupil?

A

iris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

pupillary aperture is controlled by what?

A

dilator and sphincter muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the lens?

A

pliant bag filled with protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the lens thickness controlled by?

A

muscular fibers within the ciliary body via tension on the zones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

accommodation

A

ability to alter the focal point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where does production of aqueous happen?

A

ciliray body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is aqueous

A

source of nutrition for the lens, cornea, and trabecular meshwork

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

gluacoma

A

when intraocular pressure rises causing damage to the optic nerve due to aqueous production being more than aqueous outflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

angle closure glaucoma

A

flow of aqueous is prevented from draining into the trabecular meshwork by bowing forward of the iris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

trabecular meshwork

A

located at the peripheral edge of the anterior chamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how to test for predisposition of angle closure glaucoma

A

penlight - if both temporal and nasal iris are illuminated similarly - anterior chamber is deep. if nasal iris has a shadow over it, then the anterior chamber may be shallow due to bowing forward of the iris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

sympathetic system causes what of the eye?

A

dilation of pupil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what syndromes demonstrate pupils not constricting to bright light but constricting when focusing?

A

parinaud’s syndrome (pineal tumor), argyll robertson syndrome (syphilis), Adie syndrome (benign parasympathetic deficit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

parasympathetic system causes what?

A

pupillary constriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what controls modification of lens thickness and aqueous production

A

ciliary body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how is sympathetic innervation of the eye transmitted?

A

adrenergic receptors via NE - alpha and beta receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how is parasympathetic innervation transmitted?

A

cholinergic receptors via acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what receptors are present in the eye for parasympathetic innervation

A

muscarinic and nicotinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

muscarinic receptors are block by what?

A

atropine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

nictonic receptors are blocked by what?

A

d-tubocurarine

21
Q

nicotinic receptors on the eye are found where?

A

extraocular muscles

22
Q

muscarinic receptors for the eye are found where?

A

ciliary body and iris

23
Q

muscarinic receptors action on eye

A

iris sphincter constrict pupil, circular fibers of ciliary muscle to constrict pupil, and longitundinal fibers of ciliary muscle to place tension on trabecular meshwork

24
Q

Muscarinic agonists and their effects

A

acetylchoine, carbachol, methacholine, pilocarpine. cause pupillary constriction and increased aqueous outflow

25
when are muscarinic agonists used
cataract surgery and glaucoma treatment
26
muscarinic antagonists and their effects
atropine, scopolamine, tropicamide. pupillary dilatation and paralysis of ciliary body
27
when are muscarinic antagonists used
cycloplegia for eye exams and to improve comfort during active eye inflammation (uveitis)
28
what are the ACE inhibitors
echothiophate (irreversible) and physostigmine
29
what is the nicotinic agonist? when is it used
edrophonium - used to diagnose myasthenia gravis
30
describe the path of the sympathetic system from origin to eye
hypothalamus -> brainstem -> synapse to become second order and ascend with paravertebral sympathetic chain -> synapse at superior cervical ganglion to become third order neurons -> run with carotid plexus and run with ciliary nerve (V) to reach ciliary body and dilator muscle of the iris
31
what are the direct sympathetic agonists? what receptor do they effect?
phenylephrine (mimic NE alpha 1- dilation of pupil); bromondine tartrate (selective a-2 agonist which suppresses aqueous humor production); clonidine (alpha-adrenergic agonist - lowers intraocular pressure through CNS effects)
32
what are the indirect sympathetic agonists? what effect do they have
cocaine (prevent reuptake of NE) and hydroxyamphetamine (paradrine - releases NE)
33
what are the sympathetic antagonists? what receptor do they effect?
beta blockers (-olol) timolol (non-specific beta 1 and 2) and betaxolol (beta 1 blocker, avoiding pulmonary symptoms)
34
which drug reverses action of tropic amide and phenylephrine?
dapiprazole
35
what are the first line medications for glaucoma?
timolol (non-specific beta-blocker), Latanaprost (prostaglandin), brimondine (alpha 2 agonist), dorzolamide hydrochloride (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor)
36
carbonic anhydrase inhibitor mechanism and drug used
dorzolamide hydrochloride - topical - interfere with the active transport of Na through Na-K-ATPase pump
37
what is the mechanism of prostaglandin analogs? drug used?
increase uveoscleral outflow without any effect on aqueous flow or trabecular outflow facility - Latanoprost (effective in reducing intraocular pressure)
38
How is Horner’s syndrome diagnosis confirmed?
cocaine - if sympathetic system is dysfunctional, pupillary dilatation will not occur
39
how is the location of the abnormality in horner’s syndrome confirmed?
paredrine (hydroxyamphetamine) - if the pupil does not dilate with paredrine, then the 3rd order neuron is dysfunctional (benign)
40
What does loss of parasympathetic innervation cause?
disruption of the balance with the sympathetic system effecting pupillary innervation resulting in dilatation of the pupil
41
which syndromes cause pupillary dilatation through loss os parasympathetic innervation in the eyes?
intracranial aneurysms, Adie’s syndrome, pharmacologic blockade
42
how does internal carotid aneurysm result in pupillary dilatation?
trauma to the 3rd nerve from the aneurysm with associated extra ocular muscle palsies and ptosis, also occur with headaches
43
Adie’s syndrome
damage to ciliary ganglion - characterized by dilated pupil with sector palsies of the pupillary sphincter - benign (due to viral infection/trauma)
44
How to tell the difference between Adie’s syndrome and internal carotid aneurysm
a small dose of Ach will stimulate a chronically denervated nerve in Adie’s but not a traumatized nerve (aneurysm). normal eye needs 1% pilocarpine or 10% methacholine to cause constriction. In adie’s - only need 1/8% pilocarpine or 2.5% methacholine to cause pupillary constriction
45
how can you tell if pupillary dilation is due to pharmalogic blockade? which drugs cause this?
pilocarpine 1% does not constrict pupil - caused by cycloplegic agents (muscarinic antagonists blocking action of actylcholine)
46
beta blockers adverse effects
cardio (bradycardia, hypotension, syncope, CHF) resp (bronchospasm) neurologic (confusion, depression, fatigue, hallucinaions)
47
adrenergics adverse effects
cardio (extrasystoles, palpitation, hypertension, MI) along with tremblinc, paleness, sweating
48
cholinergic/anticholinesterases adverse effects
respiratory (bronchospasm), GI (salivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, ab pain) also lacrimation and sweating
49
anticholinergic adverse effects
neuro (ataxia, nystagmus, restlessness, confusion, hallucination, aggressive behavior) and also insomnia, photophobia, urinary retention

Abbey MSII Unit 3 (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions