Behav. Sci. Genetics.

Question 1

what do mutated genes give you?

Answer 1

an increased RISK for disease - not the actual disease

Question 2

what are the highly implicated genes in schizophrenia?

Answer 2

COMT, NRG1, ErbB4, MTHFR-T, AKT

Question 3

what are the dopamine genes?

Answer 3

tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine D2 receptor, dopamine D3 receptor

Question 4

the more genes mutated….

Answer 4

the higher the risk for disease

Question 5

what causes hypofrontality?

Answer 5

COMT and DAR abnormalities

Question 6

n-back test in schizophrenia

Answer 6

due to hypofrontality, unable to do n-back test (3-4-1, what is the number before 1?)

Question 7

what are likely causes of limbic hyperactivity?

Answer 7

hypofrontality (losing glutamate excitability from frontal cortex) or maybe hypersensitive dopamine receptors

Question 8

genes that become mutated in ADHD

Answer 8

dopamine is bad in ADHD: DISC1 (neuromigration gene), DRD1, DRD2, DRD4, DAT1 (dopamine transporter gene)

Question 9

what are the causes of ADHD?

Answer 9

gene mutations (esp DRD4 and DRD5) with environmental factors (low birth weight, fetal stress, prematurity)

Question 10

which part of the brain is hyper activated in ADHD?

Answer 10

reward center

Question 11

genes implicated in major depressive disorder

Answer 11

DAT, DRD4, COMT (if enough of these mutations occur, schizophrenia symptoms may develop

Question 12

areas of the brain hyper activated and hypo activated in depression

Answer 12

hyperactivated: VMPFC/amygdala (ventro medial pre frontal cortex). hypoactivated: frontal cortex

Question 13

how is serotonin made? packaged?

Answer 13

from tryptophan. packaged by VMAT2

Question 14

how is serotonin terminated?

Answer 14

SERT serotonin transporter, MAO-B destroys inside cell, MAO-A or B outside

Question 15

hyperfunctioning of limbic pathway causes….due to…..

Answer 15

panic, worry, obsession, depression…… due to LOW serotonin (circuit is hot because serotonin is not) or HIGH NE

Question 16

genes implicated in MDD, anxiety, eating, personality disorder

Answer 16

5-HT2A 102 T/C (reuptake of serotonin), 5-HTTLPR promoter, TPH (tryptophan hydroxylase (make serotonin)

Question 17

NE is made from what? packaged?

Answer 17

tyrosine -> dopa -> dopamine -> NE. packaged by VMAT2 also

Question 18

hypofunctioning of limbic pathway causes…..

Answer 18

ADHD, depression

Question 19

NE dysfunction can cause….

Answer 19

both reduced positive affect or increased negative affect

Question 20

increased negative affect causes what?

Answer 20

depressed mood, guilt/disgust, fear/anxiety, hostility, irritability, loneliness

Question 21

reduced positive affect causes what?

Answer 21

depressed mood, loss of happiness, loss of interest/pleasure, loss of energy/enthusiasm, decreased alertness, decreased self-confidence (robotic like)

Question 22

what drug is used in reduced positive affect?

Answer 22

bupropion (DA dysfunction)

Question 23

what drug is used in increased negative affect?

Answer 23

SSRI’s (low serotonin)

Question 24

anterior cingulate is low in…… and hot in…….

Answer 24

low in ADHD (SQUIRREL); hot in PTSD

Question 25

COMT met alleles = ?

Answer 25

low degradation, increased NE and anxiety in limbic areas

Question 26

COMT val alleles = ?. common in what disorder?

Answer 26

high degradation, low NE in cortex. common in ADHD because frontal cortex has less NE activity so less attention

Question 27

COMT

Answer 27

destroys DA extracellulary (also NE)

Question 28

women and MOA-A genes

Answer 28

found on X chromosome. no X-inactivation could lead to double the MOA activity, causing low NE and DA availability in cortex allowing for depression to occur

Question 29

memorizing causes what?

Answer 29

disruption in empathic response