Behav. Sci. L3.

Question 1

What are the forms of ADHD

Answer 1

ADHD inattentive, hyperactive/impulsive, and combined

Question 2

What is ADHD called in DSM5?

Answer 2

neurodevelopmental disorder

Question 3

how is DSM5 different from DSM-IVTR?

Answer 3

1. starts before age 12, not 8 2. symptoms must be in multiple settings 3. must cause social disability

Question 4

what are the key symptoms of DSM5? what makes the diagnosis?

Answer 4

1. poor attention to details (mistakes) 2. cannot sustain attention. 3. does not listen 4. does not follow through 5. does not organize 6. avoids task (age appropriate) 7. loses things 8. distracted 9. forgetful 10. fidgets 11. leaves seat 12. runs/climbs 13. not quiet/talks a lot 14. blurts out 15. cannot wait turn 16. interrupts (need 6 of these symptoms for 6 months to diagnose)

Question 5

how does ADHD persist into adulthood?

Answer 5

inattentiveness tends to persist greater than hyperactivity/impulsivity

Question 6

What etiology is involved in ADHD?

Answer 6

genetics!, neuronal/brain developmental delay, neurological/neurotransmitter abnormalities, environmental factors, psychological factors

Question 7

which transmitters are involved in ADHD?

Answer 7

NE and dopamine mainly, serotonin and overall brain health as well

Question 8

ADHD genes cause what?

Answer 8

abnormal receptor or enzyme proteins which increase for decrease neuronal firings and tone for NE allowing symptoms to develop

Question 9

how does neurodevelopment correlate with ADHD?

Answer 9

pruning of neuronal connections happens later

Question 10

where do ADHD patients have lower neuronal firing compared to normal?

Answer 10

lower in anterior cingulate and decreased NE, dopamine in frontal cortex - low activity

Question 11

what environmental factors predispose ADHD

Answer 11

cigarette use/alcohol in pregnancy, lead poisoning, head injuries (esp frontal lobe), could also be learned behavior or reaction to stress

Question 12

do high sugar and food color additives cause ADHD?

Answer 12

no proof

Question 13

differential diagnoses for ADHD

Answer 13

autism spectrum disorder, learning disability, substance use disorder, personality disorder, bipolar

Question 14

what is the most common associated condition in ADHD?

Answer 14

anxiety disorder (followed by depression, bipolar, and then substance use)

Question 15

what class of medication is used to treat ADHD

Answer 15

stimulant class (promote DA and NE)

Question 16

risk of stimulant class of drugs for treatment

Answer 16

addiction, paranoia in misuse, stunt growth, weight loss

Question 17

non-stimulants as treatment compared to stimulants

Answer 17

less effective but no addiction risk, sedating and lower BP

Question 18

what psychotherapy can be done to help treat ADHD

Answer 18

behavioral modification and training (self control therapy, relaxation, education support, distraction control, attention sustaining)

Question 19

how is treatment for children approached?

Answer 19

slow release MPH, slow release amphetamine, immediate release stimulants, and then non stimulants

Question 20

what are the non stimulant drugs

Answer 20

atomoxetine, clonidine ER, guanfacine

Question 21

how is treatment for adults approached

Answer 21

non stimulants, slow release amphetamines, slow release MPH, immediate release stimulants

Question 22

atomoxetine

Answer 22

NET inhibitor only (norepi reuptake inhibitor)

Question 23

guanfacine ER and clonidine ER

Answer 23

agonize or stimulate the alpha-2 norepi receptor (dampen NE release and lower BP as autoreceptor); in frontal cortex - receptors are located on glutamate pyramidal neurons and help to improve signal to noise ratio which allows the neuron to fire appropriately when faced with multiple environmental stimuli - FINE TUNES FRONTAL CORTEX