Behav. Sci. L1. Flashcards
When is a birth considered premature? very premature?
premature: 37 weeks. very premature: 32 weeks
APGAR score - what is it and what is considered a good score?
A - appearance (color); P - pulse; G - grimace; A - activity (muscle tone); R - respiration; used to predict the likelihood of immediate survival. higher score is better (8-9 good)
What is a likely cause of the high rate of premature births in the US
no free prenatal care in US
postpartum reactions due to
oxytocin-dopamine interactions
expressive speech by a child understood by a stranger
25% understood by age 1, 50% by 2, 75 by 3, 100 by 4
spheres of development
motor, social, verbal/cognitive
when does a social smile emerge
12w
when does stranger anxiety emerge
9 month
when does separation anxiety emerge
late in first year, object permanence comes first
when does sitting without support emerge
4-9 months
when does standing with assistance emerge
5-11 months
when does crawling emerge
5.5-13 months
when does walking with assistance emerge?
6-13 months
when does standing alone emerge?
7-17 months
when does walking alone emerge?
8.5-18 months
what are characteristics of infants?
reflexes and instinct necessary for survival including rooting reflex (touch cheek and turn toward nipple); palmar grasp reflex (grip any object in palm); moro reflex (limbs extend when startled); babinski (dosiflexion of toes when sole of foot is stroked)
what is a characteristic behavior at age two?
autonomy (rapprochement - moves away but quickly returns for comfort)— ability to say no!; parallel play but not reciprocal
when does gender identity occur?
by age 3
bowel bladder function
4 and 5 years
in what order to fears arise in children?
- stranger 2. separation 3. phobias (dark) 4. bodily injury 5. social anxiety
what is characteristic of play around age 3-4
asssociation - doing same thing but not working together; active fantasy life
when does cooperative play begin?
age 4
when does sense of morality, empathy, and understanding of finality of death begin?
age 6
autism - when is it seen
before age 3
autism symptoms in child
do not acquire verbal and social skill at expected age. no reciprocity, restricted range of interests, clumsiness
when does capacity for logical thought begin?
7-11 years
when is the universality of death apparent
age 9
what is acting out
defense mechanism
mental autonomy and personal decision making apparent
between 11-20
what happens to the brain between 11-20
myelination and pruning of up to 50% of synaptic connection - decline in glucose and oxygen metabolism
what is the physical indicator of adolescence
puberty
when do children begin to prefer spending time with friends not family
age 15
when does an identity crisis begine
late adolescence
highest rates of gonorrhea
15-19yo
what factors predispose to teen pregnancy?
depression, poor school achievement, divorced parents
roe v wade ruled what?
1st trimester abortions legal in every state
what are the MC genetic factors causing mental retardation?
down syndrome and FXS
clinical signs of down syndrome
single palmar transverse crease, protruding tongue, flat facies, hypotonia, epicentral folds, small ears, thick neck, premature aging, alzheimers
clinical signs of FXS
male more severe, delayed cognitive function, hyperactive, hand flapping, hyper extensible joints, large ears, elongated face, post pubertal enlargement of testes
metabolic factors of intellectual impairment
infection - rubella, toxoplasmosis, maternal substance abuse
MC learning disability
reading
factors that increase divorce rates
short courtship, teenage, premarital pregnancy, absence of family support, prior divorce, differences in religion or socioeconomic background, couples with serious illness in child
what percentage of children live in single-parent homes
27
where are people at by age 30
one’s role in society is defined, physical development at peak, individual is independent
what is the fastest growing segment of population
old-old 85+
when is someone considered senior citizen
65
MC form of dementia
alzheimer’s
average life expectancy in US
women 80, men 75
what neurological changes happen in aging?
decreased cerebral blood flow, decreased brain weight, amyloid plaques, decreased neurotransmitter availability, more sensitive to side effects, increased depression BUT intelligence remains the same
psychosocial changes of aging
reduced bladder control, loss of strength, vision and hearing loss, abuse of cognitive or physically impaired elderly by caretakers
psychopathology in elderly
depression, suicide rates increasing, anxiety, alcohol and substance abuse, delirium
complicated bereavement (as opposed to bereavement -normal grief)
symptoms intensify or persist over time instead of lessening, suicidal thinking or hallucinations - both include sadness and crying - denial is longer in abnormal
what is the role of physician in dying and death
make aware of diagnosis and prognosis, serve as resource, medically follow bereaved family members because of increased risk of morbidity and mortality is increased in close relatives of deceased, resist emotional detachment
