Behav. Sci. 5.

Question 1

major depressive disorder definition by DSM-V

Answer 1

5+ of 9 symptoms present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning - 1. depressed mood most of the day 2. diminished interest 3. weight loss or weight gain 4. insomnia or hypersomnia 5. psychomotor agitation or retardation 6. fatigue 7. feelings of worthlessness, excessive or inappropriate group 8. diminished ability to think or concentrate 9. recurrent thoughts of death

Question 2

what is the mnemonic to remember DSM

Answer 2

SIGECAPS - sleep disturbance, interest/pleasure reduction, guilt, energy loss, concentration, appetite changes, psychomotor symptoms, suicide

Question 3

anhedonia

Answer 3

loss of pleasure/interest in previously enjoyable activity

Question 4

atypical depression

Answer 4

more likely to have weight gain/hypersomnia, along with leaden paralysis, carb cravings, rejection sensitivity

Question 5

pseudodementia

Answer 5

cognitive symptoms in depressed elderly often misdiagnosed - poor concentration

Question 6

diurnal variation

Answer 6

more depressed in AM, better in PM - melancholic type and extreme anhedonia

Question 7

psychomotor symptoms

Answer 7

physical complaints (body aches and headaches)

Question 8

seasonal affective disorder

Answer 8

like clockwork each year - usually winter, atypical symptoms, treat with full-spectrum light exposure, psychotherapy, antidepressants

Question 9

masked depression

Answer 9

unaware/in denial of depression - seek care for psychomotor or somatic symptoms instead - seen in elderly/macho men

Question 10

DD for depressive symptoms

Answer 10

hypothyroid, cushing’s syndrome, anemia, brain injury/stroke, vitamin deficiency, obstructive sleep apnea

Question 11

biological factors of depression

Answer 11

monoamine deficiency (decreased dopamine, serotonin, NE), monoamine receptor excess, loss of neurotrophic factors, genetics (serotonin transporter gene)

Question 12

psychosocial factors of depression

Answer 12

ability to cope with life stressors, low self esteem, personality traits, addiction, loss

Question 13

relationship between cortisol and depression

Answer 13

increased cortisol decreased brain neurotrophic factors causing increased risk of depression

Question 14

brain neuroanatomy in depression

Answer 14

hypoactive cortex and hyperactive amygdala

Question 15

theory for why women have increased risk of depression

Answer 15

estrogen (stimulates serotonin) and MAO gene is on X chromosome - they have 2 X’s so if one is not completely deactivated - could have extra MAO chewing up neurotransmitter

Question 16

front line treatments for depression

Answer 16

SSRI (selective SR reuptake inhibitors), SNRI, NDRI (NE, DA reuptake inhibitors), and maybe sedating antidepressants

Question 17

second line treatments for depression

Answer 17

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOi) and tricyclic antidepressants

Question 18

augmenting strategies for when antidepressants aren’t enough

Answer 18

lithium, thyroid hormone, atypical antipsychotic

Question 19

which serotonin receptor would be manipulated to help with erratic sleep schedule?

Answer 19

antagonizing 5HT7

Question 20

serotonin receptor manipulation in depression treatment

Answer 20

stimulate 5HT1a and block all the others

Question 21

what are the faster action pharmaceuticals?

Answer 21

psychostimulants and ketamine IV, shock treatment

Question 22

what are other neurostimulation techniques besides shock therapy

Answer 22

vagus nerve stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, deep brain stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation

Question 23

what are the psychological treatments of depression

Answer 23

family, interperson, psychoanalytic, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive