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Pharm Block 1 > Pharm and Nervous system > Flashcards

Pharm and Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

________ innervates internal organs, blood vessels, glands - essentially all organs that contain at least some smooth muscle; purpose is to maintain homeostasis and respond to stress; referred to as the involuntary nervous system because it is beyond conscious control

A

Autonomic nervous system -

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2
Q

___________ innervates skeletal muscle; under the conscious control of higher centers in the brain; referred to as the voluntary nervous system

A

Somatic motor nervous system –

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3
Q

Autonomic nerve has intermediate synpase at:

A

autonomic ganglion

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4
Q

What is nerve fnx of autonomic nerve

A

can be excitatory or inhibitor

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5
Q

What are the target organ for somatic nerve

A

skeletal muscles

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6
Q

intermediate synapse for somatic nerve

A

none

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7
Q

Nerve myelination is _______ on somatic nerves

A

present

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8
Q

Nerve myelination is ________ on post gangs of ANS

A

absent

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9
Q

Consequences of Nerve Sectioning in somatic nerve:

A

Paralysis and atrophy of muscle

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10
Q

Consequences of Nerve Sectioning in Autonomic nerve

A

Retain some level of spontaneous activity (Release from central control)

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11
Q

Ratio of Segment Lengths
Short Pre-ganglionic, Long Post-ganglionic is:
Long Pre-ganglionic, Short Post-ganglionic:

A

SNS

PNS

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12
Q

Degree of divergence in PNS

A

low, 1:3 for a pre;post ratio

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13
Q

Degree of divergence in SNS

A

HIGH for Pre:post, very divergent effects

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14
Q

Nerve fnx for SNS

A

excitatory or inhibitor

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15
Q

nerve funx for PNS

A

excitatory or inhibitory

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16
Q

What regulates activity of structures not under voluntary control that function below the level of consciousness (respiration, circulation, digestion, temperature, metabolism, sweating, endocrine gland secretion)

A

Autonomic nerves

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17
Q

Sympathetic

a. normally_________ active
b. the degree of activity varies from moment to moment and from organ to organ thus allowing :

A

continuously

adjustment to a changing environment

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18
Q
  • ___________ heart rate and blood pressure
  • shift in blood flow from skin & splanchnic regions to skeletal muscles
  • ________ blood glucose and free fatty acids
A

increased

increase

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19
Q

What happens to bronchioles and pupils during SNS stimulation

A

dilate

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20
Q

Actions of SNS reinforced by_________ released from the adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine

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21
Q

concerned with conservation and maintenance of organ function during periods of minimal activity

A

PNS

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22
Q

PNS causes pupillary______

A

constriction

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23
Q

emptying of bladder and rectum during PNS or SNS

A

PNS

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24
Q

How do nerve impulses elicit responses of tissues

A

through liberation of specific chemical neurotransmitters

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25
Q

Vagusstöff discovered:

A

Acetylcholine

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26
Q

Acceleranstöff discovered:

A

Epinephrine

frogs, norepinephrine in mammals

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27
Q

Steps involved in neurotransmission

A
  1. Axonal conduction

2. Junctional transmission

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28
Q

passage of an impulse along an axon

A

Axonal conduction

29
Q

passage of an impulse across a synaptic or neuroeffector junction

A

Junctional transmission

30
Q

Transmitters in Peripheral Nerves:

Which ones are the most important

A

acetylcholine and norepinephrine (Levophed®)/epinephrine

31
Q

Rate limiting step in making Norepinephrine

A
  • rate-limiting step = tyrosine hydroxylase
32
Q

What is a specific blocker of tyrosine hydroxylase

A
  • α-methyltyrosine
33
Q

Dopamine synthesized in nerve terminals is transported into storage vesicles via

A

the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2)

34
Q

Where is dopamine converted to norepinephrine?

A

in vesicles

35
Q

What drug can block conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine in the vesicle?

A

reserpine

36
Q

upon________, granules fuse with the nerve terminal membrane and release norepinephrine into the synaptic cleft.

A

depolarization

37
Q

norepinephrine is removed from the synaptic cleft by:reuptake into the nerve terminals by the

A

norepinephrine transporter called NET

38
Q

This is blocked by cocaine and some tricyclic antidepressants

A

NET

39
Q

This method removes 87% of Nepi from cleft

A

Norepinephrine transporter

40
Q

% of Nepi that removed from cleft by

A

diffusion

41
Q

uptake by extraneuronal transporters (ENT [also referred to as OCT 3 and formerly called uptake 2], OCT 1, and OCT 2) account for what % of diffusion of Nepi from cleft

A

5%

42
Q

The primary mechanism by which the actions of norepinephrine are terminated is by reuptake into nerve terminals is by

A

NET

43
Q

This enZ oxidatively deaminates catecholamines -

A

MAO

44
Q

MAO is found where:

A

found on the outer surface of mitochondria; located in adrenergic nerve terminals, but also widely distributed with the highest amounts found in
liver and kidney

45
Q

two isozymes of MAO

A

MAO-A & MAO-B

46
Q

This enZ transfers a methyl group to the 3-hydroxy position of the phenyl ring

A

COMT

47
Q

cytosolic enzyme that is widely distributed with high levels in liver and
kidney (not found in adrenergic neurons)

A

COMT

48
Q

Intraneuronal norepinephrine not taken into storage granules is metabolized by :

A

MAO

49
Q

metabolites of MAO diffuse from nerve terminals and are subsequently metabolized to

A

VMA (3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid) - VMA is the primary metabolite secreted into urine

50
Q

concentration of_______ in urine reflects the level of sympathetic drive and is used to diagnose presence of catecholamine-secreting tumors (pheochromocytoma)

A

VMA

51
Q

presence of catecholamine-secreting tumors (pheochromocytoma) can be detected by

A

VMA

52
Q

Extraneuronal metabolism by what two enZ are important mechanism for the clearance of circulating and exogenously administered catecholamines

A

(by COMT and MAO)

53
Q

choline is taken up into nerve terminals via

A

a Na+-dependent carrier

54
Q

the rate-limiting step in acetylcholine synthesis

A

choline taken up into nerve terminals via Na+ dependent carrier

55
Q

Na+ carrier that takes choline up into the nerve terminals

A

hemicholinium

56
Q

EnZ responsible for synthesis of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline in nerve terminals

A

choline acetyl transferase

57
Q

acetylcholine is transported into vesicle by another transporter

A

(VAChT, vesicle-associated ACh transporter)

58
Q

acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft by

A

exocytosis; inhibited by botulinum toxin

59
Q

botulinum toxin does what to Ach exocytosis:

A

inhibits it

60
Q

Acetylcholine is very rapidly hydrolyzed and inactivated by:

A

enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

61
Q

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine/epinephrine use same/different receptors to mediate end- organ responses

A

different

62
Q

End organ response is as much a function of the receptor mediating the response as it is

A

of the neurotransmitter that elicits the response

63
Q

Receptors for Acetylcholine

A

(cholinergic receptors)

64
Q

two types of cholingergic receptors

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

65
Q

Nicotinic receptors act on

A

ganglion, skeletal muscle, neuronal CNS

66
Q

Nicotinic receptors are

A

ligand-gated ion channels

67
Q

subunit that acetylcholine binds to

A

alpha

68
Q

Muscarinic Receptors

A

– G protein-coupled receptors

Pharm Block 1 (23 decks)

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