Phagocytosis

Question 1

What is hydrolysis ?

Answer 1

A reaction breaking down lags molecules into smaller molecules using water.

Question 2

What are antigens ?

Answer 2

Part of an organism or substance recognised as non-self that trigger the production of antibodies.

Question 3

Give examples of antigens.

Answer 3

Glycoproteins on the cell surface membrane of bacteria.

Question 4

What are the 2 main things that antigens do ?

Answer 4

Prevent invasion and non-specific attack of phagocytes.

Question 5

Describe how antigens prevent invasions and they features they have for this.

Answer 5

Produce lysozyme enzyme to destroy pathogens.
Seal the physical barrier to prevent entry of pathogens.
Acidic Ph2 to destroy pathogens.
Sebaceous gland releases liquid to destroy pathogens.
Mucous traps pathogens ciliates epithelial cells move mucous to the throat to be swallowed.

Question 6

What are antigens made of ?

Answer 6

Dead cells.

Question 7

What enzyme in antigens destroys pathogens ?

Answer 7

Lysozyme.

Question 8

What Ph are antigens and why ?

Answer 8

Ph2 very acidic denatures pathogens.

Question 9

What gland releases liquids to destroy pathogens.

Answer 9

Sebaceous.

Question 10

Give an example of a type of a phagocyte.

Answer 10

Neutrophil

Question 11

How do neutrophils work (detailed explanation).

Answer 11

Chemoattractahts released by the pathogen attract the phagocyte.
Phagocyte moves and bind to the surface of the pathogen.
Membrane of the phagocyte surrounds and engulfs the pathogen, taking it into the cytoplasm via endocytosis.
This forms a membrane bound picked called a phagosome.
Lysosomes move to the phagosome, fuss with the membrane and release hydrologic digestive enzymes.
The enzymes hydrolyse and digest the pathogen.
Waste material leaves the cell by exocytosis.